By Group 3: Sarah Casey Jennifer Foret Delise McCoy Kasey Ostrosky Hearing Impairments Definitions as defined by IDEA: Hearing impairment is "an impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child's educational performance.“ Deafness is defined as "a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification." By Group 3: Sarah Casey Jennifer Foret Delise McCoy Kasey Ostrosky

When in doubt, ask the person how they identify themselves… What is the difference, which one is correct? Deaf, Hard of Hearing, deaf or Hearing Impaired? Deaf Please note the capital “D” Members of the deaf community and deaf culture Most recognize ASL as their primary language Most feel common bond based on shared language and feelings of oppression deaf Please note the lowercase “d” Includes many groups of people, most of whom do not identify with being part of the deaf culture Typically “oral deaf people” ; use speech and residual hearing to communicate instead of sign language Most have profound or severe hearing loss and choose to associate with primarily hearing people Hard of Hearing Term used for mild, moderate or severe hearing loss Speech is primary mode of communication, but may be involved in the deaf community Transitions easily between Deaf and hearing cultures Hearing Impaired Considered a highly offensive and inappropriate label because it does not account for cultural identity The term is considered negative and focuses on what a person can’t do When in doubt, ask the person how they identify themselves…

Characteristics Social/Emotional/Behavioral: Found not paying attention to what is being said Gestures to communicate instead of speaking when spoken to Tends to imitate others Reluctant to engage in an oral conversation Works best only when in a group Can be more occupied with things rather than people Tends to respond to noises rather than words Can become easily frustrated if their needs are not met which can lead to some behavioral difficulties Sometimes the use of hearing aids may cause embarrassment and fear of rejection from peers Motor/Physical: Problems with balancing that can lead to delayed motor skills Unable to process and complete motor acts in an appropriate amount of time Frequently turns/cocks head Thinking/Cognition/Communication: Difficulty with speech, reading and writing due to the close relationship of language development and hearing Has difficulty following directions Tends to speak in a monotone voice

The Impact on Speech and Language Development Habilitation and Rehabilitation: Children who have experienced prelingual hearing loss need individualized habilitation services while children who have postlingual hearing loss receive rehabilitation services (Lue, 2001). Effects of Hearing Loss on Speech and Language Development: Receptive and expressive language can be delayed. Children may struggle obtaining new vocabulary words, understanding words with multiple meanings, identifying correct sentence structure, and hearing word endings. Children with hearing loss may also leave out certain sounds when speaking or use inappropriate volume. Hearing loss can also effect inflection of rate of speech ("Effects of hearing”, 2009). Development of Oral Language Skills: Children with hearing loss can often develop good oral language skills. Some key factors in oral language development are early diagnosis (ideally before six months), early intervention, assistance of professionals such as audiologists and speech and language pathologists, and any necessary assistive technology ("Hearing impairment and language development”, 2005) Factors that Impact Speech and Language Development (Quigley & Kretschmer, 1982): Degree of hearing loss Age when loss began Slope of hearing loss Age loss is identified Age, amount, and type of habilitation Degree of hearing loss: Hearing loss can be in one ear, unilateral, or in both ears, bilateral. If the child experiences unilateral loss and receives early intervention then age-appropriate communication skills can be achieved (Lue, 2001). Age of loss: If hearing loss occurs before speech and language development it is referred to as prelingual. If it occurs after speech and language development it is referred to as postlingual. If a child is congenitally deaf the hearing loss occurred at or before birth (Lue, 2001).

Impact on second language acquisition… Second language instruction in a classroom is by nature primarily visual and auditory. One language is used to teach another language, either through use of the first language or by simplified explanations of concepts in the second language. Because children are expected to use and understand abstract academic concepts in English almost immediately, they often don't have time to develop complex language gradually. They can quickly and easily miss or misunderstand the concepts being taught. Language Delayed language development with unclear speech and incorrect pronunciation. Emotion and behavior Easy to have emotional and behavioral problems as a result of difficulties in verbally expressing himself/ herself. Self-confidence Lack of self-confidence with poor self-image for being always mistaken to be slow in response. Social interaction Socially excluded by peers due to poor comprehension and expression, or actively avoid social contact and communication. Academic performance Academic performance being affected due to difficulty in receiving the correct messages. Poor grades.

Interventions and Strategies For ALL students with hearing impairments: VISUALS! VISUALS! VISUALS! speak directly to the student speak naturally check hearing aides and technology daily encourage speech use as much as possible facilitate interaction with peers smart board visual phonics FairView – Bridges FairView – Dolch Words interactive and hands on activities itinerate teacher for mainstreamed students

FREE Resources! www.bionicear.com/listeningroom http://connect.fsdb.k12.fl.us/rmtc (login as guest) http://tinyurl.com/4f869 http://floridadhhsummit.wikispaces.com www.nad.org www.deafed.net www.rit.edu

References Lue, M.S. (2001). A survey of communication disorders for the classroom teacher. Neeham Heights, MA: Pearson. Miller, Kevin J. (2008, August). Closing a Resource Room for Students Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing. Communication Disorders Quarterly (29.4), 211-218. Retrieved October 5th, 2009 from EBSCOhost. Paul, Peter V. (1996 Spring). First and Second Language English Literacy. Volta Review (2), 5-12. Retrieved October 5th, 2009, from EBSCOhost. (2009). Effects of hearing loss on development. Retrieved from http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/disorders/effects.htm (2005). Hearing impairment and language development. Retrieved from http://www.uihealthcare.com/topics/hearing/hearingimpairment.html http://www.tsbvi.edu/Outreach/seehear/spring00/secondlanguage.htm http://entcentre.com/FAQs/impact_of_hearing_loss_in_childr.htm