Intel® Core™ Duo Processor Behrooz Jafarnejad Winter 2006

2006 PC World World Class Award July 2006 Intel® Core™ Duo processor named Product of the Year by PC World.

Outline MMicroprocessor After Pentium® Pro IIntel® Core™ Duo Processor Overview MMicroarchitecture IIntel Core 2 Duo Vs. AMD AM2 RResources

Microprocessor Hall Of Fame 1995: Intel® Pentium® Pro Processor – Released in the Fall of – 5.5 million transistors. – Designed for 32-bit server and workstation applications. – Packaged with a second speed-enhancing cache memory chip.

Microprocessor Hall Of Fame 1997: Intel® Pentium® II Processor – 7.5 million transistor. – incorporates Intel® MMX™ technology, which is designed specifically to process video, audio and graphics data efficiently. – high-speed cache memory chip.

Microprocessor Hall Of Fame 1999: Intel® Pentium® III Processor – 9.5 million transistors. – Using 0.25-micron technology. – 70 new instructions that enhance the performance of: Advanced imaging 3D Streaming audio, video

Microprocessor Hall Of Fame 2000: Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor – 42 million transistors. – Circuit lines of 0.18 microns. – Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, ran at 108 KHz, compared to the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor's initial speed of 1.5 GHz. If automobile speed had increased similarly over the same period, you could now drive from San Francisco to New York (about 4100 Km) in about 13 seconds.

Microprocessor Hall Of Fame 2006: The Intel® Core™ Duo processor – 151 million transistor. – Using 65 nm technology. – 2.33 – 2.50 GHz Clock Frequency. – 4-wide, 14 stage pipeline. – Low power consumption.

Benefits New Microarchitecture: – Low Power. – Higher Performance. At Home: – Ultra-quiet. – Sleek and low-power computing. For IT: – Reduced footprints – Lower power – Energy efficiency across client and server platforms. For Mobile Users: – greater computer performance and battery life to enable a variety of small form factors that enable world-class computing "on the go.”

Performance for an Enhanced Digital Entertainment Experience Intel ® Core™2 Duo Processor (Formerly known by the codename Conroe) New generation of technology Intel ® Core™ microarchitecture High energy efficiency Revolutionary performance

Intel ® Wide Dynamic Execution Intel ® Advanced Digital Media Boost Intel ® Intelligent Power Capability Intel ® Smart Memory Access Intel ® Advanced Smart Cache Five Key Innovations

Intel ® Advanced Digital Media Boost Intel ® Wide Dynamic Execution Intel ® Smart Memory Access Intel ® Advanced Smart Cache 4-wide 14-stage pipeline Macro-fusion Intel ® Intelligent Power Capability Five Key Innovations

Intel ® Smart Memory Access Intel ® Advanced Smart Cache Intel ® Intelligent Power Capability Single-cycle 128-bit SSE Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Intel ® Advanced Digital Media Boost Five Key Innovations

Intel ® Advanced Smart Cache Intel ® Advanced Digital Media Boost Intel ® Smart Memory Access Intel ® Intelligent Power Capability Shared L2 cache Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Five Key Innovations

Intel ® Advanced Digital Media Boost Intel ® Advanced Smart Cache Intel ® Smart Memory Access Intel ® Intelligent Power Capability Advanced Pre-fetch Memory Disambiguation Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Five Key Innovations

Intel ® Advanced Digital Media Boost Intel ® Smart Memory Access Intel ® Intelligent Power Capability Advanced Power Gating Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Intel ® Advanced Smart Cache Five Key Innovations

Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Fetch Dispatch: Decode + (Read from Memory) Execute Retire up: Write Back Macro-Fusion: combination of certain common x86 instructions into a single instruction for execution.

Pipeline Concept In Computing, a pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion; in that case, some amount of buffer storage is often inserted between elements.

Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Dynamic execution is a combination of such techniques: – Data-Flow Analysis. – Out-of-Order Execution (OoOE). – Speculative Execution. – Super Scalar. Intel first implemented these techniques in the P6 microarchitecture used in the Pentium® Pro processor, Pentium® II processor and Pentium® III processors.

Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution It enables delivery of more instructions per clock cycle to improve execution time and energy efficiency. Every execution core is 33 percent wider than previous generations, allowing each core to fetch, dispatch, execute and retire up to four full instructions simultaneously.

Intel® Advanced Digital Media Boost SIMD: – In computing, SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) is a technique employed to achieve data level parallelism, as in a vector or array processor. SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions) – is a SIMD instruction set designed by INTEL and introduced in 1999 in their Pentium III series processors as a reply to AMD's 3DNow! (which had debuted a year earlier). – contains 70 new instructions. – SSE2/SSE3 are later versions of SSE.

Intel® Advanced Digital Media Boost Enables these 128-bit instructions to be completely executed at a throughput rate of one per clock cycle, effectively doubling the speed of execution for these instructions as compared to previous generations. This feature significantly improves performance when executing Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE/SSE2/SSE3) instructions: – Video, Speech and Image (MPEG). – Photo Processing. – Encryption.

Intel® Advanced Smart Cache The Intel® Advanced Smart Cache is a multi- core optimized cache that significantly reduces latency to frequently used data, thus improving performance and efficiency by increasing the probability that each execution core of a multi-core processor can access data from a higher-performance, more efficient cache subsystem.

Intel® Smart Memory Access Optimizing the use of the available data bandwidth from the memory subsystem. Includes a new capability called “Memory Disambiguation“, which increases the efficiency of out-of-order processing by providing the execution cores with the built-in intelligence to speculatively load data for instructions that are about to execute before all previous store instructions are executed.

Intel® Intelligent Power Capability A set of capabilities designed to reduce power consumption and design requirements. This feature manages the runtime power consumption of all the processor's execution cores and allocates energy to the part which needs energy.

FeatureDescriptionFunctionBenefit Intel ® Advanced Smart Cache Up to 4MB shared and multi- core optimized L2 cache Higher L2 cache to processor core bandwidth Improves execution core access to data in high perf. L2 cache Dynamically allocates cache based on core workload- entire L2 cache can be allocated to one core (dedicated L2 for each core in PDP and K8 DC) Better performance on single and multithreaded applications Intel ® Advanced Digital Media Boost Single cycle SSE/2/3 instruction execution Allows 128 bit SSE/2/3 instructions to execute in a single clock cycle (versus 2 cycles for PDP, Yonah-DC, and K8 DC) Better performance on video, gaming and multimedia applications (Applications that rely on SSE instructions) Intel ® Wide Dynamic Execution Efficient 4-wide, 14 stage pipeline Executes 4 instructions per clock (versus 3 per clock with PDP, Yonah-DC, and K8 DC) Better performance on multiple application types and user environments Intel ® Intelligent Power Capability Powers on processor elements only when needed More precise control of power to buses and arrays Conroe 65W desktop mainstream TDP Merom continues low power mobile processor direction Can help enable quieter, lower power system designs Intel ® Smart Memory Access Improved pre-fetchers Out of order memory access Feeds the Intel Wide Dynamic Execution engine (IE, “fuel- injection” for the Core engine) Benefits for memory operations reduce latency Better performance on all types of applications and user environments New levels of performance and power efficiency based on Intel ® Core TM Microarchitecture

Intel Core 2 Duo Vs. AMD AM2 The results from SYSmark 2004SE, which simulates real-life workloads for both Internet Content Creation and Office Productivity. The content-creation part uses apps like Photoshop, 3ds Max, Dreamweaver, and more, while the office- productivity tests use typical office apps, such as PowerPoint, Word, and Excel.

Intel Core 2 Duo Vs. AMD AM2

Resources Intel.com PCWorld.com ExtremeTech.com Wikipedia.org Microsoft.com