Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 1: Concepts of Medical Terminology

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Explain the purpose of medical terminology. Name the languages from which most medical word parts are derived. Define the terms root, suffix, and prefix. Explain what combining forms are and why they are used. Pronounce words according to the pronunciation guide used in this text. List three features of medical dictionaries. Identify medical words and abbreviations in case studies to review concepts of medical terminology. Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 1.The main part of a word is called the: (a) origin (b) prefix (c) root (d) extension

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 1.The main part of a word is called the: (a) origin (b) prefix (c) root (d) extension

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 2.A word part at the beginning of a word is a(n): (a) prefix (b) combining form (c) preview (d) root

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 2.A word part at the beginning of a word is a(n): (a) prefix (b) combining form (c) preview (d) root

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 3.A word part at the end of a word is the: (a) vowel (b) adjective (c) insertion (d) suffix

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 3.A word part at the end of a word is the: (a) vowel (b) adjective (c) insertion (d) suffix

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 4.Most medical words are derived from the languages: (a) French and Italian (b) Greek and Latin (c) English and German (d) Greek and Arabic

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 4.Most medical words are derived from the languages: (a) French and Italian (b) Greek and Latin (c) English and German (d) Greek and Arabic

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 5. The adjective form of cervix, meaning “neck,” is: (a) cervical (b) cervixal (c) cervous (d) cerviral

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 5. The adjective form of cervix, meaning “neck,” is: (a) cervical (b) cervixal (c) cervous (d) cerviral

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 6. The ch in the word chemistry is pronounced like the letter: (a) s (b) h (c) k (d) f

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 6. The ch in the word chemistry is pronounced like the letter: (a) s (b) h (c) k (d) f

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 7. The ps in the word psychology is pronounced like the letter: (a) p (b) s (c) j (d) k Pretest

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 7. The ps in the word psychology is pronounced like the letter: (a) p (b) s (c) j (d) k Pretest

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 8. The pn in the word pneumonia is pronounced like the letter: (a) p (b) u (c) m (d) n Pretest

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 8. The pn in the word pneumonia is pronounced like the letter: (a) p (b) u (c) m (d) n Pretest

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 9. The symbol ® means: (a) right (b) review (c) redirect (d) register Pretest

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 9. The symbol ® means: (a) right (b) review (c) redirect (d) register Pretest

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Concepts of Medical Terminology Special vocabulary used by health care professionals for effective and accurate communication Based on Latin and Greek words Consistent and uniform throughout the world

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Word Parts Root –Fundamental unit of each medical word –Establishes basic meaning of word –Part to which prefixes and suffixes are added

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Word Parts (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Word Parts (cont’d) Suffix –Short word part or parts added to the end of a word –Modifies the meaning of the root –Indicated by a dash before the suffix (-itis)

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Word Parts (cont’d) Prefix -Short word part added before a root –Modifies the meaning of the root –Followed by a dash (pre-)

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Word Parts (cont’d) Begin with “learn” –Learn + -er = one who learns –Re + learn = to learn again Greek word for heart is kardia –Forms word root cardi Latin word for lung is pulmo –Forms word root pulm

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Combining Forms Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Combining Forms (cont’d) Insert an ‘o’ before a suffix beginning with a consonant when added to a root –-logy = “study of” –Neur = “nerve or nervous system” Neur + o + logy = neurology (study of the nervous system)

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Combining Forms (cont’d) Roots shown with a combining vowel are called combining forms –Vowels added after a slash –Called roots –Neur/o Combining vowel omitted if suffix begins with a vowel Neur + itis = neuritis (inflammation of a nerve)

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Combining Forms (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Word Derivations Most word parts derived from Greek (G) and Latin (L) –Muscle is Latin for ‘mouse’ –Coccyx named for the cuckoo’s bill Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Words Ending in x When you add a suffix to a wording ending in x, the x is changed to a g or a c –If there is a consonant before the x, the x is changed to a g (pharynx becomes pharyngeal) –If a vowel comes before the x, the x is changed to a c (thorax becomes thoracotomy)

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Suffix Beginning with rh When you add a suffix beginning with rh to a root, the r is doubled –Hem/o (blood) + -rhage (bursting forth) = hemorrhage (a bursting forth of blood)

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pronunciation Use phonetic pronunciations provided Repeat words aloud Pronunciations may change when parts are combined

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pronunciation (cont’d) Vowels with no pronunciation marks get short pronunciation –‘a’ as in hat Short line over vowel gives it long pronunciation –‘ā’ as in say Accented syllable indicated with capital letters –as in AK-sent

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Soft and Hard c and g Soft c, as in racer = (RĀ-ser) Hard c, as in candy = (KAN-dē) Soft g, as in page, written as j = (pāj) Hard g, as in grow = (grō)

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Silent Letters and Unusual Pronunciations Silent letters and unusual pronunciations can be a problem, especially if they appear at the start of a word Examples: –pneumonia: pronunciation is “n” –pseudonym: pronunciation is “s”

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Word and Phrase Abbreviations Can save time May cause confusion May be subject to error Acronym = abbreviation formed from first letter of each word in a phrase –ASAP = as soon as possible –FDA = Food and Drug Administration

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Symbols Used as shorthand in case histories ® = right  = increase

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Terms acronymAn abbreviation formed from the first letter of each word in a phrase combining formA word root combined with a vowel to link the root with a suffix. Combining forms are shown with a slash between the root and the vowel, as in neur/o. compound wordA word that contains more than one root prefixA word part added before a root to modify its meaning rootThe fundamental unit of a word suffixA word part added to the end of a root to modify its meaning

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Post Test 1.The term gastrointestinal is a(n) a. abbreviation b. word root c. combining form d. compound word

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Post Test 1.The term gastrointestinal is a(n) a. abbreviation b. word root c. combining form d. compound word

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Post Test 2. The fundamental unit of a word is the ____________. 3. The combining form for nerve or nervous system is ____________________.

Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Post Test 2. The fundamental unit of a word is the __root______. 3. The combining form for nerve or nervous system is ____ neur/o__________.