SQL Language

Introduction to RDBMS Introduction to RDBMS Basic Data Manipulation - Reading Data Basic Data Manipulation - Reading Data Basic Data Manipulation - Changing Data Basic Data Manipulation - Changing Data Data Manipulation - Joins Data Manipulation - Joins Creating Data Tables and Referential Integrity Creating Data Tables and Referential Integrity Optional: Optional: Defining and Using Views Defining and Using Views Summarized Queries Summarized Queries

Introduction to RDBMS The need for SQL standard The need for SQL standard What is a relational database? What is a relational database? Components of a relational database Components of a relational database What does un-normalized/normalized data means What does un-normalized/normalized data means Anatomy of a table, Keys and Joins Anatomy of a table, Keys and Joins What is set oriented? What is set oriented?

How would you? 1.Add new customer that has no orders yet. 2.Remove Order but keep the customer ‘BERGS’. 3.Fix ‘ Alfreds Futterkiste ’ without having to do it in many places. Select Customers.CustomerID, Customers.CompanyName, Orders.OrderID, rders.Freight FROM Customers join Orders on Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID What is a relational database? ‘Orders’ table ‘Customers’ table CustomerIDCompanyNameOrderIDFreight ALFKIAlfreds Futterkiste ALFKIAlfreds Futterkiste BERGSBerglunds snabbköp CHOPSChop-suey Chinese CustomerIDCompanyName ALFKIAlfreds Futterkiste BERGSBerglunds snabbköp CHOPSChop-suey Chinese OrderIDCutomerIDFreight 10692ALFKI ALFKI BERGS CHOPS22.98

Data Manipulation - Reading Data The SELECT and FROM clauses The SELECT and FROM clauses Limiting columns Limiting columns Limiting rows Limiting rows Calculating Columns Calculating Columns Built-in functions Built-in functions Aliases Aliases Sorting the result set Sorting the result set Nulls, null ability Nulls, null ability

The SELECT and FROM clauses Return the set of all rows and columns from customers table SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS

Limiting columns Return the set of all rows for just the CustomerID and CompanyName columns from customers table SELECT CustomerID, CompanyName FROM CUSTOMERS

Limiting Rows Select * from Customers where CustomerID = 'ALFKI' Select * from Orders where CustomerID = 'ALFKI' Select * from Customers where CustomerID like 'A%' Select * from Orders where freight > Select * from Orders where freight > and freight <

Limiting Rows - Continued Select * from Orders where freight >= and freight <= Select * from Orders where freight between and select * from customers where CustomerID between 'A%' and 'C%' select * from customers where CustomerID = 'ALFKI' OR CustomerID = 'BERGS' OR CustomerID = 'FOLIG' select * from customers where CustomerID IN ('ALFKI', 'BERGS', 'FOLIG')

Calculating Columns Return the set of all rows for the OrderID, ShipCity, and a new calculated Freight columns from orders table select OrderID, ShipCity, Freight = Freight * 1.1 from orders

Built-in functions Built-in functions – Standard SELECT CustomerID, Substring (CompanyName,1,3) AS CompanyNameInitial FROM Customers Built-in functions – non Standard SELECT OrderID, Datepart(qq, OrderDate ) OrderDate_qtr FROM orders

Aliases SELECT newName= CompanyName FROM customers SELECT CompanyName AS newName FROM customers Check your DBMS for this: SELECT CompanyName newName FROM customers

Sorting the result set SELECT OrderID, CustomerID, Freight FROM orders order by CustomerID SELECT OrderID, CustomerID, Freight FROM orders order by CustomerID DESC SELECT OrderID, CustomerID, Freight FROM orders order by CustomerID ASC SELECT OrderID, CustomerID, Freight FROM orders order by CustomerID, Freight DESC

Nulls, null ability select * from customers where region = null select * from customers where region is null select CustomerID, region = 'REG_' + region from customers

Data Manipulation - Changing Data The Insert Statement The Insert Statement The Update Statement The Update Statement The Delete Statement The Delete Statement

The Insert Statement INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerID, CompanyName,ContactName, Phone) VALUES ('YAISH','Siwek Consulting', 'Yair Siwek', '972-(0) ') INSERT INTO Customers SELECT * FROM myTempCustomerList

The Update Statement UPDATE Customers SET ContactName = 'Yair S. Siwek' WHERE CustomerID = 'YAISH‘ UPDATE Products SET price = price * 1.1

The Delete Statement DELETE FROMCustomers WHERE CustomerID = 'YAISH'

Data Manipulation - Joins Inner Join Inner Join CROSS Joins CROSS Joins

Inner Join SELECT Customers.CustomerID, Customers.CompanyName, Orders.OrderID, Orders.Freight FROM Customers INNER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID SELECT Customers.CustomerID, Customers.CompanyName, Orders.OrderID, Orders.Freight FROM Customers, Orders WHERE Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID

CROSS Joins SELECT Customers.CustomerID, Customers.CompanyName, Orders.OrderID, Orders.Freight FROM Customers CROSS JOIN Orders Select COUNT(*) FROM Customers Select COUNT(*) FROM Orders Select COUNT(*) FROM Customers, Orders

Creating Data Tables and Referential Integrity Table definition Table definition Referential integrity rules Referential integrity rules CREATE TABLE OrdersSampel ( OrderIDINTEGER NOT NULL, CustomerIDNVARCHAR(5)NOT NULL, FreightMONEYNULL, PRIMARY KEY (OrderID), FOREIGN KEY (CustomerID) REFERENCES Customers )

Summarized Queries Aggregate Functions Aggregate Functions GROUP BY and HAVING clauses GROUP BY and HAVING clauses

Summarized Queries – Aggregate Functions SELECT SUM (Orders.Freight) AS TotalFreight from Orders SELECT MAX (Orders.Freight) AS MaxFreight from Orders SELECT MIN (Orders.Freight) AS MinFreight from Orders.

Summarized Queries – GROUP BY and HAVING clauses SELECT CustomerID, SUM(Orders.Freight) AS TotalFreight FROM Orders Group By CustomerID SELECT CustomerID, SUM(Orders.Freight) AS TotalFreight FROM Orders Group By CustomerID HAVING CustomerID LIKE 'A%'

Review Introduction to RDBMS Introduction to RDBMS Basic Data Manipulation - Reading Data Basic Data Manipulation - Reading Data Basic Data Manipulation - Changing Data Basic Data Manipulation - Changing Data Data Manipulation - Joins Data Manipulation - Joins Creating Data Tables and Referential Integrity Creating Data Tables and Referential Integrity Optional: Optional: Summarized Queries Summarized Queries