Nervous system/Sensory Organs Same size as fish No care process for young Small cerebrum Sight-well developed Good size optic lobe Eyes=large @ top Detect prey Eyelids Nictitating membrane “goggles” while swimming Keep eyes moist

1) Olfactory lobe (scent) -connects to nostrils (draws in odors from water) by nerves 2) Cerebrum - reasoning - maternal care - controls higher brain functions 3) Optic lobe - sight (lens, optic nerve) - hearing 4) Cerebellum - coordinates balance/movement 5) Medulla - controls internal organs 6) Spinal cord - nerves transmitted

Nervous System/Sensory Organs Sound- tympanic membrane Pick up vibrations Connects to Eustachian Tube NOT EARS!!!! Smell-Nares Internal & External High Set

Sight: Eyes: Covered with nictitating membrane -clear covering -lower eyelid -like googles

In many species only the males make crocking sound. Frogs bring in air through nostrils. Mouth fills with air, as the air is forced back and forth between mouth and lungs it passes through the vocal sac. Vocal sac produces sound. In many species only the males make crocking sound.

To support force of jump Skeletal System Land/terrestrial animals rely on an endoskeleton for support. Inner skeletal system Few modifications for being successful jumping: Few vertebrae Bones in forearm are fused Radio-ulna Bones in hindlimb are larger than others and fused Tibiofibula To support force of jump

Digestive System Larvae-herbivores Adult-carnivores Digestion starts in the mouth 2 kinds of teeth Used for gripping/holding prey and forcing it down gullet DO NOT CHEW!!!!!

Food proceeds to the: Pharynx (back of throat) Gullet (opening to esophagus) Esophagus -very elastic, allows them to swallow large prey. Stomach -Where protein digestion occurs using gastric juices

Small intestine Large intestine No pyloric caeca Proteins, lipids, & carbs. Digestion Get enzymes from: pancreas liver gall bladder Held in place with mesentery (cloudy membrane) Food molecules absorbed into blood Large intestine NO DIGESTION Removes excess H2O Storage of undigested food until sent to cloaca to be removed heart Small intestines liver Large intestines

Cloaca Vent Similar to the urogenital opening BUT… Digestive AND urogenital systems meet here Stores urine, sex cells, & feces until released Vent Similar to anus BUT everything exists here- urine, sex cells, feces.

The VENT ……… (the end for those lacking a sense of humor!!)

Circulatory System Larvae (fish-like) 1 loop system 2 chambered heart

Adult: 2 loop system 3 chambered heart

2 Loop Circulatory System Pulmonary Circulation blood travels from heart to lungs and back to heart Systemic Circulation blood travels from heart to body and back to heart

Advantage of 2 loop system: -faster blood flow to body -heart pumps blood to lungs then the heart pumps the blood to the rest of the body.

3 Chambered Heart: Right atrium Left atrium Ventricle Oxygenated blood to the body Deoxygenated blood to the lungs Oxygenated blood from lungs Deoxygenated blood from the body Right atrium Left atrium Ventricle

3 chambered heart is inefficient because the “clean” and “dirty” blood mix in the ventricle.

Pathway of blood: 1. O2 blood from lungs enters left atrium. cLean blood = left side 2. CO2 blood from body enters right atrium diRty blood = right side 3. Heart pumps sending O2 blood and CO2 blood into the ventricle. Both blood types mix. 4. Heart pumps forcing “clean” blood to body and “dirty” blood to the lungs.

Respiratory system: Larvae: -respire or exchange O2 and CO2 through gills and skin Adults: -respire through lungs and skin

2 types: Respire through moist skin-cutaneous respiration Respire with lungs –pulmonary respiration Lungs

Nostrils Glottis (opening to trachea) Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Air sacs of lungs

Excretory System -Primary organ of excretion is the two kidneys. -Filters nitrogenous/cellular waste out of the blood. -Waste and excess water collected travel through ureter to the bladder as urine. -Passes into cloaca. -Exits out the vent.

Excretory System                                              Kidney Uterer Cloaca Bladder

Reproductive System

Reproductive System Male Frog: Sperm made in testes Travels through sperm ducts to cloaca Exits out vent Enlarged thumbs

Reproductive System Female Frog: Eggs made in ovaries Travel along oviduct where jelly-coating is applied Eggs empty out into cloaca & exit out vent when amplexus occurs

Fat Bodies Female Eggs & Oviducts Fall: Large amounts…..getting ready for hibernation Spring: Small amounts…..used during hibernation as energy supply.

See “Love is In the Air”

Fun Bio-Nerdy Amphibian Facts Group of frogs= Army Group of toads= Knot

Fears… Batrachophobia- Fear of amphibians Ranidaphobia- Fear of frogs. Bufonophobia- Fear of toads.

Smallest frog= ~1cm

Largest Frog= 30cm

Close Eyes to Swallow

Toads CANNOT give you warts!!! Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

Gastric-Brooding Frog

Glass Frog-See Heart Beating

The End-Hop to It!!!