(A) %FEV1 of Female Supplemental Figure 1 Scatter plots showing the relationship between chronological age and percent forced expiratory volume in 1 second (%FEV1) and percent forced vital capacity (%FVC). %FEV1 and chronological age in females (A) and males (B). The solid lines indicate a %FEV1 of 70%. %FVC and chronological age in females (C) and males (D). The solid lines indicate a %FVC of 80%. chronological age (years) %FVC (B) %FEV1 of Male (C) %FVC of Female (D) %FVC of Male %FVC %FEV1

(A) Female (B) Male Supplemental Figure 2 Scatter plots showing the relationship between chronological age and forced vital capacity (FVC) in (A) females (n = 9,379) and (B) males (n = 5,499) in Group 1. The line of best fit for FVC (y) against chronological age (x) is indicated by a solid line. chronological age (years) FVC (L)

Supplemental Figure 3 Box and whisker plots of spirometric-derived lung age (SDL-age) deficit (SDL-age minus chronological age) according to smoking status in Group 2. SDL- age was determined in females and males according to the Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS) equations (A and B, respectively) and Model-3 equations (C and D, respectively). The bottom and top of the box represent the first and third quartiles, and the thick band inside the box represents the median. The ends of the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum of all data within 1.5 × the interquartile range from the bottom or top of the box. Circles represent outliers. (A)Female (JRS) (C)Female (Model-3) (B)Male (JRS) (D)Male (Model-3) Lung age deficit Never- smoker Current smoker Ex- smoker Never- smoker Current smoker Ex- smoker P=0.037 P<0.001P=0.236 P<0.001 P=0.063P<0.001 P=0.010 P=0.326 P=0.784 P=0.999 P=