Review Exam 2

Light Behaves Like All Waves The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is related to its wavelength: Wavelengths of visible light: 400 nm to 750 nm Shorter wavelengths are ultraviolet; longer are infrared

Reflection Normal

θiθi θiθi x L

Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors

Chapter 23 Thin mirror equation: Magnification: Spherical mirror

Problem Solving: Spherical Mirrors Sign conventions: if image, or focal point on reflective side of the mirror, its distance is positive, and negative otherwise. Magnification is positive if image is upright, negative if inverted. |m|> 1 image is larger, <1 image is smaller Check that your solution agrees with the ray diagram.

Mirror Recap Concave – Converging – f is positive – Image can be real or virtual Convex – Diverging – f is negative – Image can only be virtual Image for a single lens – Real – d is positive – on side where light is relected – rays converge – inverted – Virtual – d is negative – on opposite side as object – rays diverge - upright

23.7 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing Thin lenses are those whose thickness is small compared to their radius of curvature. They may be either converging (a) or diverging (b).

Summary of Chapter 23 Power of a lens: Thin lens equation: Magnification:

23.7 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing Ray tracing for thin lenses is similar to that for mirrors. We have three key rays: 1. This ray comes in parallel to the axis and exits through the focal point. (F) 2. This ray comes in through the focal point (F’) and exits parallel to the axis. 3. This ray goes through the center of the lens and is undeflected.

23.7 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing

For a diverging lens, we can use the same three rays; the image is upright and virtual.

Lens Recap Convex – Converging – f is positive – Image can be real or virtual Concave – Diverging – f is negative – Image can only be virtual Image for a single lens – Real – d is positive – on side where light is transmitted – rays converge – inverted – Virtual – d is negative – on same side as object – rays diverge - upright

Interference – Young’s Double-Slit Experiment We can use geometry to find the conditions for constructive interference: (Maximum Points)

Location and Intensity of Bright Spots m = x x 12 x

Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk D x L θ Exercise, Single-Slit Diffraction

Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk The minima of the single-slit diffraction pattern occur when

Larger ‘D’ 2θ2θ 2 x

Combination 3 rd bright spot of double slit pattern missing and occurs at 1 st minimum for single slit. d sin θ = 3 and D sin θ = ; d/D = 3

Diffraction Grating? Maximum Points

24.10 Polarization This means that if initially unpolarized light passes through crossed polarizers, no light will get through the second one. I0I0 I 0 /2