Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Reggie C. Gustilo Assistant Professor ECE Department De La Salle University

Electronics…. definition  The study and control of electron flow  Branch of physics that deals with the emission, behaviour, and effects of electrons and with electronic devices.  Technology involving the manipulation of voltages and electric currents through the use of various devices for the purpose of performing some useful action. 2

Two primary areas  Analog electronics the signals to be manipulated take the form of continuous currents or voltages. The information in the signal is carried by the value of the current or voltage at a particular time t.  Digital electronics common two-level digital electronics, signals are manipulated mathematically. These mathematical operations are known as boolean algebra. The operations permissible in boolean algebra are NOT, AND, OR, and XOR, plus various combinations of these elemental operationsboolean algebra 3

Electronics History ( 1745 – 1996)  Ewald Georg von Kleist and Peter Van Muschenbrock, in Leyden (Netherlands), discovered the Leyden jar in 1745 Leiden jar, is a device that "stores" static electricity between two electrodes on the inside and outside of a jar.static electricity The invention was named for this city It was the original form of the capacitorcapacitor The Leyden jar was used to conduct many early experiments in electricity, and its discovery was of fundamental importance in the study of electricityelectricity 4

 Ben Franklin ( ) flew kites to demonstrate that lightning is a form of static electricity (ESD).  Charles Augustus Coulomb ( ) invented the torsion balance in  1800, Count Alessandro Volta ( ) announced the results of his experiments investigation Galvani's claims about the source of electricity in the frog leg experiment. 5

 In the year 1820 Hans Christian Oersted ( ) in Denmark demonstrated a relationship between electricity and magnetism by showing that an electrical wire carrying a current will deflect a magnetic needle.  André Marie Ampère ( ) in France gave a formalized understanding of the relationships between electricity and magnetism using algebra. 6

 1826 George Simon Ohm ( ) wanted to measure the motive force of electrical currents.  Michael Faraday ( ). 1820s Faraday postulated that an electrical current moving through a wire creates "fields of force" surrounding the wire Faraday built the first electric motor--a device for transforming an electrical current into rotary motion Faraday made the first transformer. The unit of capacitance is named after him. 7

 Karl Friedrich Gauss ( ) Wilhelm Eduard Weber ( ). Gauss is known as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. The CGS unit of magnetic field density in named after Gauss. Weber, a German physicist, also established a system of absolute electrical units. The MKS unit of flux is named after Weber. 8

 Joseph Henry ( ) was a professor in a small school in Albany, New York. In 1830 he observed electromagnetic induction, a year before Faraday. The unit of induction is named after him.  1832 Heinrich F.E. Lenz ( ), born in the old university city of Tartu, Estonia (then in Russia), was a professor at the University of St. Petersburg who carried out many experiments following the lead of Faraday. 9

 Samuel Finley Breese Morse ( ) brought a practical system of telegraphy to the fore front using electromagnets, and invented the code named after him in  Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ( ) was a German physicist. He announced the laws which allow calculation of the currents, voltages, and resistance of electrical networks in 1845 when he was only

 James Clerk Maxwell ( ) wrote a mathematical treatise formalizing the theory of fields in 1856: On Faraday's Lines of Force. In the year 1873 Maxwell published Electricity and Magnetism, demonstrating four partial differential equations that completely described electrical phenomena.  Hermann Lud-wig Ferdinand von Helmholtz ( ) was an all around universal scientist and researcher. 11

 Sir William Crookes ( ) investigated electrical discharges through highly evacuated "Crookes tubes" in the year  Joseph Wilson Swan ( ) Joseph Swan demonstrated his electric lamp in Britain in February  Thomas Alva Edison ( ): In 1878, Edison began work on an electric lamp and sought a material that could be electrically heated to incandescence in a vacuum Edison installed the first large central power station on Pearl Street in New York City in 1882; its steam-driven generators of 900 horsepower provided enough power for 7,200 lamps. 12

 Oliver Heaviside ( ) Worked with Maxwell's equations to reduce the fatigue incurred in solving them.  Heinrich Rudolph Hertz ( ) was the first person to demonstrate the existence of radio waves.  Nikola Tesla ( ) devised the polyphase alternating-current systems that form the modern electrical power industry. The unit of magnetic field density is named after him. 13

 Charles Proteus Steinmetz ( ) discovered the mathematics of hysteresis loss, thus enabling engineers of the time to reduce magnetic loss in transformers.  Guglielmo Marconi ( ) Known as the "father of wireless", was an Italian national who expanded on the experiments that Hertz did, and believed that telegraphic messages could be transmitted without wires. 14

 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen ( ) discovered X rays, for which he received the first Nobel Prize for physics in  Sir Joseph John Thomson ( ) is universally recognized as the British scientist who discovered and identified the electron in the year 1897  Albert Einstein ( ): In the year 1905, Einstein elaborated on the experimental results of Max Planck who noticed that electromagnetic energy seemed to be emitted from radiating objects in quantities that were discrete. 15

 Sir John Ambrose Fleming ( ) made the first diode tube, the Fleming valve in the year  Lee De Forest ( ) added a grid electrode to Flemings' valve and created the triode tube, later improved and called the Audion.  Jack St. Clair Kilby developed the integrated circuit while at Texas instruments. 16

 Robert Norton Noyce ( ) also developed the integrated circuit with a more practical approach to scaling the size of the circuit. He became a founder of Fairchild Semiconductor Company in  Seymour Cray ( ) Also known as "The Father of the Supercomputer", along with George Amdahl, defined the supercomputer industry in the year

Electronic Components  Wire  Resistors Fixed Variable  Capacitors  Transistors  Diodes  Switches  Motors  Integrated Circuits 18

Wire  Used as a conductor; usually copper, Sometimes aluminum. 19

Resistors  Slows down or resists the flow of electrons. 20

Fixed Resistors  Can only handle a certain amount of current.  Typically made from a resistance wire, which is “wound around a ceramic core and covered with some insulating material” Carbon Film Metal Film Metal Oxide 21

Resistor Color Code 22

Variable resistors  Also known as rheostats, or potentiometers  Allow you to regulate the amount of current flowing through the circuit  Resistors are non- polarized, which means there are no positive or negative ends 23

Capacitors  Basic job is to store electron current until needed by the circuit  Charge and discharge electrons as required by the circuit  Made up of two or more plates (conductors), each separated by a dielectric (insulator)  Ceramic capacitors and mica capacitors are non-polarized  Electrolytic capacitors are polarized, meaning one lead is positive and the other is negative, as marked Ceramic Electrolytic Tantalum 24

Transistors  Solid-state device used for switching and/or amplifying the flow of electrons in a circuit  Two basic types of transistors are switching and amplifying  Switching transistors are used in circuits, which are either on or off  Amplifying transistors amply an electrical signal are used in places where the amount of signal is important  A phototransistor is a solid state component where the amount of light which passes through a lens controls the amount of current flow 25

Diodes  A solid state device designed to permit the flow of electrons in one direction and block the flow in the opposite direction  Made from germanium or silicon  A zener diode is used to regulate voltage  A light emitting diode (LED) is a solid state component that emits a tiny bit of light when current passes through it d-throwies-harmless-way-to-make- your-mark php 26

Switches  A device which closes to complete an electrical circuit allowing electrons to flow through the circuit, or which opens or breaks a circuit, stopping the flow 27

Motors  A device used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.  The flow of electrons passing through a motor can be used to produce motion by turning gears and other mechanical devices 28

Integrated Circuits  Three common electronic components, which make up an integrated circuit, are resistors, transistors and capacitors. The main advantage of ICs is that so much electronic circuitry can be in such a small package. 29

Prototyping Board Example of how components are Inserted in the protoboard 30

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