C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 1 THE PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS ( ) Section 1: Roosevelt Becomes President Section 2: The Taft Administration Section 3: Woodrow Wilson ’ s Reforms Chapter 9

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 2 OBJECTIVES How did President Roosevelt try to balance the needs of both business and labor? How did President Roosevelt try to balance the needs of both business and labor? What did Roosevelt do to regulate businesses and railroads? What did Roosevelt do to regulate businesses and railroads? Why did Roosevelt and others contribute to the conservation movement? Why did Roosevelt and others contribute to the conservation movement? Section 1: Roosevelt Becomes President

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 3 Roosevelt Balancing Both Labor and Business Roosevelt brought both business and labor together in arbitration in the 1902 strike of the United Mine Workers. Roosevelt brought both business and labor together in arbitration in the 1902 strike of the United Mine Workers. arbitration – a formal meeting to talk about and settle disagreements Section 1: Roosevelt Becomes President

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 4 Roosevelt Balancing Both Labor and Business In his Square Deal, Roosevelt believed that the interest of labor and business should be balanced and everyone should be treated fairly. In his Square Deal, Roosevelt believed that the interest of labor and business should be balanced and everyone should be treated fairly. Square Deal – political program designed by President Theodore Roosevelt to treat every citizen fairly Section 1: Roosevelt Becomes President (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 5 Roosevelt Regulating Both Business and Railroads Roosevelt ’ s goal was to break up trusts that he felt were bad while allowing good trusts to continue. Roosevelt ’ s goal was to break up trusts that he felt were bad while allowing good trusts to continue. The Northern Securities Company, a giant corporation that controlled the major railroads in the Northwest, was broken up because it had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Northern Securities Company, a giant corporation that controlled the major railroads in the Northwest, was broken up because it had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. Roosevelt supported legislation that regulated the railroads and their shipping rates. Roosevelt supported legislation that regulated the railroads and their shipping rates. Section 1: Roosevelt Becomes President

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 6 Roosevelt and Conservation Roosevelt ’ s love of the outdoors made him the first president to support conservation. Roosevelt ’ s love of the outdoors made him the first president to support conservation. He supported the building of national and state parks in hopes that they would provide “ rest, health, and recreation. ” He supported the building of national and state parks in hopes that they would provide “ rest, health, and recreation. ” Section 1: Roosevelt Becomes President

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 7 OBJECTIVES How was William Howard Taft ’ s administration similar to and different from Roosevelt ’ s administration? How was William Howard Taft ’ s administration similar to and different from Roosevelt ’ s administration? Why did progressives turn against President Taft in the 1912 election? Why did progressives turn against President Taft in the 1912 election? What events took place during the election of 1912? What events took place during the election of 1912? Section 2: The Taft Administration

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 8 Taft and Roosevelt Similarities Similarities Both approved of the Square Deal Programs. Both approved of the Square Deal Programs. Both defeated the Progressives and broke up trusts. Both defeated the Progressives and broke up trusts. Differences Differences They had different personalities and different views about the presidency. They had different personalities and different views about the presidency. Unlike Roosevelt, Taft was a poor public speaker and avoided the press. Unlike Roosevelt, Taft was a poor public speaker and avoided the press. Taft was more cautious than Roosevelt and responded to public opinion more slowly. Taft was more cautious than Roosevelt and responded to public opinion more slowly. Section 2: The Taft Administration

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 9 Progressives Turn Against Taft in the 1912 Election Progressives felt that Taft ’ s new cabinet members would be too pro-business to support reform. Progressives felt that Taft ’ s new cabinet members would be too pro-business to support reform. Progressives wanted laws that were stronger and would get rid of trust entirely. Progressives wanted laws that were stronger and would get rid of trust entirely. Section 2: The Taft Administration

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 10 Progressives Turn Against Taft in the 1912 Election Progressives were critical of Taft ’ s high tariff rates and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909), which lowered many tariffs but raised others. Progressives were critical of Taft ’ s high tariff rates and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909), which lowered many tariffs but raised others. The controversy over conservation lost Taft much of his Progressive support. The controversy over conservation lost Taft much of his Progressive support. Section 2: The Taft Administration (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 11 Events of the Election of 1912 Theodore Roosevelt decided to seek the Republican nomination for President for a third term and run against Taft. Theodore Roosevelt decided to seek the Republican nomination for President for a third term and run against Taft. When Roosevelt failed to win the Republican nomination he formed the Bull Moose Party. When Roosevelt failed to win the Republican nomination he formed the Bull Moose Party. Three major candidates ran for the presidency. Three major candidates ran for the presidency. Section 2: The Taft Administration

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 12 Events of the Election of 1912 Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson for the presidency. Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson for the presidency. Wilson did not win the popular vote but won the majority of the electoral votes, and thus the presidency, partially due to a split in the Republican party. Wilson did not win the popular vote but won the majority of the electoral votes, and thus the presidency, partially due to a split in the Republican party. Section 2: The Taft Administration (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 13 OBJECTIVES What were some characteristics of President Wilson ’ s administration? What were some characteristics of President Wilson ’ s administration? What economic reforms did Wilson pursue? What economic reforms did Wilson pursue? How did Wilson try to regulate corporations? How did Wilson try to regulate corporations? Section 3: Woodrow Wilson ’ s Reforms

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 14 Wilson in Office Wilson was the first Democrat to be elected president in 20 years and the Democrats won both houses of Congress. Wilson was the first Democrat to be elected president in 20 years and the Democrats won both houses of Congress. He appointed fellow Democrats to cabinet positions and government jobs. He appointed fellow Democrats to cabinet positions and government jobs. Wilson brought many southern politicians into his administration. Wilson brought many southern politicians into his administration. Section 3: Woodrow Wilson ’ s Reforms

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 15 Wilson in Office He had many strange habits that puzzled many people. He had many strange habits that puzzled many people. Wilson became the first president since John Adams to appear in person before Congress to promote legislation. Wilson became the first president since John Adams to appear in person before Congress to promote legislation. Section 3: Woodrow Wilson ’ s Reforms (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 16 Wilson ’ s Economic Reforms Backed the Underwood Tariff Act (1913) which was the lowest tariff rate in many years Backed the Underwood Tariff Act (1913) which was the lowest tariff rate in many years Passed the Sixteenth Amendment in February 1913 Passed the Sixteenth Amendment in February 1913 Improved the banking system by passing the Federal Reserve Act in December 1913 Improved the banking system by passing the Federal Reserve Act in December 1913 Federal Reserve Act – act that created a national banking system to help regulate the economy Section 3: Woodrow Wilson ’ s Reforms

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 17 Regulating Big Business Under Wilson The Federal Trade Commission, which could look into business practices, was established in The Federal Trade Commission, which could look into business practices, was established in The FTC could issue restraining orders to stop unfair trade practices. The FTC could issue restraining orders to stop unfair trade practices. Section 3: Woodrow Wilson ’ s Reforms