Environment and Development Dr. P. M. Prasad

Environmental Problems Theory of Environmental Policy Environmental Policy in India

Developed Countries Tried to Put Blame on Developing Countries in Terms Population Growth and Poverty Developing Countries Tried to Put Blame for Environmental Degradation On Developed Countries Because of Affluence or Energy Intensive Consumption Patterns

Theory of Environmental Policy Externality Problem Market Based (Ex-ante) Instruments –Emission Charges or Taxes –Deposit-refund Systems –Marketable or Tradable Emission Permits –Output Taxes; and –Performance Bonds and No-compliance Fees –Reducing Government Subsidies

Command and Control Regulation: Standards Criteria for choosing among environmental Policy Instruments –Environmental Effectiveness –Static Efficiency –Dynamic incentives –Flexibility –Monitoring and Enforcement –Equity; and –Acceptability Bargaining Solutions: Coase theorem Liability (Ex-post) Information Programmes

Environmental Policy in India Introduction UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972 –The Water Act of 1974 (Amendment, 1988) –The Constitution of India (42 nd Amendment, 1976) –The Air Act of 1981 (Amendment, 1987) Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984 –The Environmental Protection Act of 1986 –The Environmental Protection Rules of 1986 –The Product Liability Insurance Act of 1991

The UN Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit), 1992 (Rio) –Agenda 21 –Precautionary Principle (15) –Polluter Pays Principle (16) The Earth Summit, 2002

Environment and Development in India: Case Studies

Conclusion