Chapter 1 Section 1.3

Graphing Communicates scientific data

Graphing Line graph- good for showing things that are continually changing Y-axis: dependent variable, must have unit label! (S) (m) Velocity Must have title X-axis: independent variable, must have unit label!

Graphing Bar graph- useful to compare data for similar items or events

Graphing Pie graphs- great for showing percentages of a whole

Scientific Notation Method of expressing a number multiplied by 10 to the appropriate power Examples: 1 X 10 3 = 1,000 1 X 10 2 = X 10 1 = 10 1 X 10 0 = 1 1 X = X = X = 0.001

Scientific Notation Practice: 4.5 X 10 3 = 6,000 = 6.23 X 10 5 = = = 7.54 X =

Scientific Notation Practice: 4.5 X 10 3 = ,000 = 6.0 X X 10 5 = = 2.34 X ,456,789= X X =

Fun With Scientific Notation $1.00 X 10 9

Fun With Scientific Notation 1 X 10 9 seconds is 114 days short of 32 calendar years (≈ 31.7 years). About 10 9 minutes ago, the Roman Empire was flourishing and Christianity was emerging. (10 9 minutes is roughly 1,900 years.) About 10 9 hours ago, modern human beings and their ancestors were living in the Stone Age (more precisely, the Middle Paleolithic). (10 9 hours is roughly 114,000 years.) About 10 9 days ago, Australopithecus, an ape-like creature related to an ancestor of modern humans, roamed the African savannas. (10 9 days is roughly 2.7 million years.) About 10 9 months ago, dinosaurs walked the Earth during the late Cretaceous. (10 9 months is roughly 82 million years.) About 10 9 years ago, the first multicellular eukaryotes appeared on Earth. The universe is currently thought to be about 13.7 × 10 9 years old.

Fun With Scientific Notation 10 9 inches is 15,783 miles (25,400 km), more than halfway around the world and sufficient to reach any point on the globe from any other point meters is almost three times the distance from the Earth to the Moon kilometers is over six times the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

Scientific Notation Practice: Find the area of the rectangle: l= 1.38 X 10 4 m w= 5.36 X 10 3 m A=l x w X 10 7 m 2

Significant Figures (sig figs) determines the amount of rounding off to be done based on the precision of the measurement. Precision- the exactness of a measurement Example:Ruler marked every 0.1m or a ruler marked every 0.01m. Accuracy- how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured

Significant Figures (sig figs) Rules: the answer can only be as precise as the LEAST precise measurement used in the calculation Ex: 8.871m X 9.14m= m m =least precise and has 3 significant figures Correct answer using sig figs= 81.1m 2 Zeros: ALL zeroes between non-zero numbers are ALWAYS significant. Ex: 303 ALL zeroes which are SIMULTANEOUSLY to the right of the decimal point AND at the end of the number are ALWAYS significant. Ex: or 10.0 ALL zeroes which are to the left of a non-zero number are NOT significant Ex:

Significant Figures (sig figs) Rules: All NON-ZERO numbers are ALWAYS significant 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Number# Significant Figures 48, (= 4 E-4) ,000,000 (= 3 E+6) (= 1.00 E+1)3 You try it!

Significant Figures (sig figs) Rules: All NON-ZERO numbers are ALWAYS significant 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Number# Significant Figures 48, (= 4 E-4) ,000,000 (= 3 E+6) (= 1.00 E+1)3

Conversion Factors Conversion: a change from one measuring or calculating system to another Review: Metric Conversions: KHDBdcm Metric conversions are exact and are not limited by significant figures

Conversion Factors English Conversion 1 foot = 12 inches 1 yard = 3 feet 1 mile = 1760 yards 1 acre = ft 2 1 square mile = 640 acres 1 Tbs = 3 tbs 1 cup = 16 Tablespoons 1 pint = 2 cups 1 quart = 2 pints 1 gallon = 4 quarts 16 ounces (oz) = 1 pound 1 ton = 2000 pounds

Conversion Factors English to Metric Conversions: 1 mile = km 1 oz = g 1 pound = kg 1 fluid ounce = mL 1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 foot = meters 1 square mi = 2.59 square km 1 gallon = liters 1 kg = ounces 1.06 quarts = 1 L 35 cubic ft = 1 cubic m 1 pound = N **These are limited by sig figs

Conversion Factors Let’s Practice! 1 hour = ____ seconds 3600 seconds 34 cm = ____ m 0.34 m 64 inches = ____ cm cm  160cm 67 m = ____ cm 6700cm 12 cm = ____ inches inches  4.7 in 45 L = ____ gal gal  12 gal

Sources nson/m html line graph slide 3 nson/m html ph1.htm bar graph slide 4 ph1.htm pie graph slide 5