5’ C 3’ OH (free) 1’ C 5’ PO4 (free) DNA is a linear polymer of nucleotide subunits joined together by phosphodiester bonds - covalent bonds between.

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5’ C 3’ OH (free) 1’ C 5’ PO4 (free) DNA is a linear polymer of nucleotide subunits joined together by phosphodiester bonds - covalent bonds between phosphate group at 5’ carbon and 3’ carbon of next nucleotide – uses oxygens as bridges. Chain of nucleotides has alternating sugar and phosphate components, called the “sugar- phosphate backbone.” Nitrogenous bases stick off backbone at regular intervals. Any linear chain of nucleotides has a free 5’ PO 4 on one end, and a free 3’ OH on the other. A chain of DNA thus has POLARITY Different DNA molecules differ only in the identities of the nitrogenous bases at any given position – they have different DNA sequences. A simple way to represent this strand of DNA is: 5’-TACG-3’ Segments of this sequence, which can be 1000s of nucleotides long, are the genes that code for single, specific proteins. 3’ C

5 end Nucleoside Nitrogenous base Phosphate group Sugar (pentose) (b) Nucleotide (a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid 3 end 3C3C 3C3C 5C5C 5C5C Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA)Uracil (U, in RNA) Purines Adenine (A)Guanine (G) Sugars Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA) (c) Nucleoside components Nitrogenous base connected to 1’ carbon of sugar – nucleoside Phosphate group added to 5’ carbon of sugar - nucleotide Making a nucleotide

Fig In a double helix, 2 strands of DNA wrapped around each other in shape of helix Strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases. Only pairings that work are A with T and G with C. Strands held at constant distance from one another because of the similar geometry of A-T and G-C base pairs Also, only way pairings will work is if strands have opposite polarity 5’ to 3’ “Antiparallel”

Eukaryotic Chromosomes are linear DNA molecules (human 3 billion base pairs) and are packaged by histone proteins Chromatin – DNA plus histone proteins

Information Flow in the Cell DNA (genes) RNA Proteins transcription translation

Nonpolar Glycine (Gly or G) Alanine (Ala or A) Valine (Val or V) Leucine (Leu or L) Isoleucine (Ile or I) Methionine (Met or M) Phenylalanine (Phe or F) Trypotphan (Trp or W) Proline (Pro or P) Polar Serine (Ser or S) Threonine (Thr or T) Cysteine (Cys or C) Tyrosine (Tyr or Y) Asparagine (Asn or N) Glutamine (Gln or Q) Electrically charged AcidicBasic Aspartic acid (Asp or D) Glutamic acid (Glu or E) Lysine (Lys or K) Arginine (Arg or R) Histidine (His or H) Fig The 20 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids The different R groups have different sizes, shapes, and chemical properties. Amino group Carboxyl group  carbon

There is an almost infinite number of possible kinds of proteins Each kind of protein has a unique order of amino acids most proteins consist of amino acids a protein’s function depends on what amino acids it contains and its overall 3-D shape

Different models of the structure of the enzyme lysozyme