Figure 5.24 Review: the four levels of protein structure

Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein (Heat, pH, ionic environment)

Chaperone Proteins Chaperonin

THE ULTIMATE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY NUCLEIC ACIDS - THE ULTIMATE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Two Types: -DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) -RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Figure 5.28 DNA RNA  protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell

(Nucleic acid polymer)

OH Dehydration synthesis H

Dinucleotide OH

Cell division and inheritance is based on DNA’s ability to replicate. Adenine hydrogen bonds with Thymine. Guanine hydrogen bonds with Cytosine.

Summary of differences between DNA and RNA 1. DNA incorporates nucleotides containing: A, G, C, T RNA incorporates nucleotides containing: A, G, C, U 2. DNA utilizes deoxyribose sugar. RNA utilizes ribose sugar. 3. DNA is double-stranded. RNA is single-stranded.

Figure 7.0 Fluorescent stain of cell How do we learn about cell structure and function? Immunofluorescence microscopy

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Figure 7.3 Cell fractionation Differential Centrifugation - based on size (pellet and supernatant) Density Gradient Centrifugation - Rate Zonal- preformed density gradients(size and shape) Equilibrium- Density

Figure 7.0 Fluorescent stain of cell How big is a cell?

Figure 7.1 The size range of cells

Figure 7.4 A prokaryotic cell What are the two main types of cells? Figure 7.4 A prokaryotic cell

Common Components of all Cells -molecular components -plasma membrane -DNA -cytoplasm -ribosomes -metabolism Animal Plant Bacteria (Prokaryotic) (Eukaryotic)

Figure 7.6 The plasma membrane

Figure 7.9 The nucleus and its envelope Nucleolus- site of ribosome synthesis Lamina- net of intermediate filaments Matrix- Structural fibers extending throughout nucleus

Figure 7.11 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Endomembrane System- internal membranes related by physical continuity or vesicle transfer. (nuclear envelope, E.R., golgi, lysosomes,and various vacoules) R.E.R.- synthesis and modification of excreted proteins, membrane proteins (glycoproteins). Vesicle transport to golgi. Membrane production. Smooth E.R.- Synthesis of lipids, carbo metabolism(glycogen hydrolysis), detoxification of poisons, Ca++ storage in muscles

Ribonucleoprotein complex- rRNA and protein Figure 7.10 Ribosomes Ribonucleoprotein complex- rRNA and protein

Figure 7.12 The Golgi apparatus Products from the E.R. modified, sorted, packaged for “shipping”. Polysaccharide synthesis (pectins in plants). “Docking proteins” in trans face membrane.

Sac of hydrolytic enzymes for all macromolecules. Bud from E.R. Figure 7.13 Lysosomes Sac of hydrolytic enzymes for all macromolecules. Bud from E.R. Acidic pH- H+ pumps in membrane.

Figure 7.14 The formation and functions of lysosomes (Layer 1)

Figure 7.14 The formation and functions of lysosomes (Layer 2)

Figure 7.14 The formation and functions of lysosomes (Layer 3) Digestion functions: -Food -Cell parts -Programmed cell death. Lysosome storage diseases: Tay-Sachs

Figure 7.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system 

Dehydrogenation reactions, formation of hydrogen peroxide. Figure 7.19 Peroxisomes Dehydrogenation reactions, formation of hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes not part of endomembrane system.

Figure 7.17 The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration

ENDOSYMIOTIC THEORY

Figure 7.18 The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis

Figure 7.15 The plant cell vacuole Central vacuole: storage of macromolecules, inorganic ions, hydrostatic pressure. Contractile vacuole: Freshwater protists Pigment storage: Plastids

Figure 7.20 The cytoskeleton Structural support, cell motility, organelle movement and anchoring, intra-cellular transport, phagocytosis, regulation of biochemical activities (signal transduction). Not permanent, can disassemble and reassemble.

Table 7.2 The structure and function of the cytoskeleton

Figure 7.21 Motor molecules and the cytoskeleton

Figure 7.23 A comparison of the beating of flagella and cilia

Figure 7.24 Ultrastructure of a eukaryotic flagellum or cilium Basal body (Structurally like centriole)

Figure 7.25 How dynein “walking” moves cilia and flagella

Figure 7.26 A structural role of microfilaments Increase surface area Outer cytoplasmic area has gel consistancy.

Figure 7.27 Microfilaments and motility Distribution of nutrients and materials.

CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS Matrix of microfibrils(cellulose), other polysaccharides and protein. Pectins (middle lamella)

Figure 7.29 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell fibronectin

Figure 7.30 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues

Figure 7.31 The emergence of cellular functions from the cooperation of many organelles