Properties of Solutions Chapter 7 Solutions 7.6 Properties of Solutions Ethylene glycol is added to a radiator to form an aqueous solution that has a lower freezing point and a higher boiling point than water.

Solutions Solutions are transparent do not separate contain small particles, ions or molecules that cannot be filtered and pass through semipermeable membranes

Colloids Colloids have medium-size particles cannot be filtered can be separated by semipermeable membranes

Colloids

Suspensions Suspensions have very large particles settle out can be filtered must be stirred to stay suspended Examples include blood platelets, muddy water, and calamine lotion.

Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions

Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions Properties of different types of mixtures: (a) suspensions settle out; (b) suspensions are separated by a filter; (c) solution particles go through a semipermeable membrane, but colloids and suspensions do not.

Learning Check A mixture that has solute particles that do not settle out but are too large to pass through a semipermeable membrane is called a _______. A. solution B. colloid C. suspension

Solution A mixture that has solute particles that do not settle out but are too large to pass through a semipermeable membrane is called a ______. B. colloid

Colligative Properties depend on the number of solute particles in solution include freezing point lowering include boiling point elevation The solute particles disrupt the formation of solid crystals, lowering the freezing point of the solvent. Ethylene glycol is added to a radiator to form an aqueous solution that has a lower freezing point and a higher boiling point than water.

Colligative Properties and Electrolytes break up into ions in solution, increasing the number of particles include freezing point lowering include boiling point elevation 1 mole of CaCl2 = 3 moles of ions

Osmosis In osmosis, water (solvent) flows from the lower solute concentration into the higher solute concentration the level of the solution with the higher solute concentration rises the concentrations of the two solutions become equal with time Water flows into the solution with a higher solute concentration until the flow of water becomes equal in both directions.

Osmotic Pressure Osmotic pressure is produced by the solute particles dissolved in a solution equal to the pressure that would prevent the flow of additional water into the more concentrated solution greater as the number of dissolved particles in the solution increases

Learning Check A semipermeable membrane separates a 10% sucrose solution A. from a 5% sucrose solution B. If sucrose is a colloid, Fill in the blanks in the statements below: 1. Solution ____ has the greater osmotic pressure. 2. Water initially flows from ___ into ___. 3. The level of solution ____will be lower.

Solution A semipermeable membrane separates a 10% sucrose solution A. from a 5% sucrose solution B. If sucrose is a colloid, Fill in the blanks in the statements below: 1. Solution _A_ has the greater osmotic pressure. 2. Water initially flows from _B_ into _A_. 3. The level of solution _B_ will be lower.

Osmotic Pressure in Blood Red blood cells have cell walls that are semipermeable membranes maintain an osmotic pressure that cannot change or damage occurs must maintain an equal flow of water between the red blood cell and its surrounding environment

Isotonic Solutions An isotonic solution exerts the same osmotic pressure as body fluids such as red blood cells, RBCs of 5.0% (m/v) glucose or 0.90% (m/v) NaCl are typical isotonic solutions (a) In an isotonic solution, a red blood cell retains its normal volume.

Hypotonic Solution A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than red blood cells means water flows into cells by osmosis The increase in fluid causes the cells to swell and burst, a condition called hemolysis. (b) Hemolysis: In a hypotonic solution, water flows into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and burst.

Hypertonic Solution A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than RBCs water goes out of the cells by osmosis causes crenation: RBCs shrink in size (c) Crenation: In a hypertonic solution, water leaves the red blood cell, causing it to shrink.

Dialysis In dialysis, solvent and small solute particles pass through an artificial membrane large particles are retained inside waste particles such as urea from blood are removed using hemodialysis (artificial kidney) (a) In an isotonic solution, a red blood cell retains its normal volume. (b) Hemolysis: In a hypotonic solution, water flows into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and burst. (c) Crenation: In a hypertonic solution, water leaves the red blood cell, causing it to shrink.

Learning Check Indicate if each of the following solutions is A. isotonic B. hypotonic C. hypertonic 1. ____ 2% NaCl solution 2. ____ 1% glucose solution 3. ____ 0.5% NaCl solution 4. ____ 5% glucose solution

Solution Indicate if each of the following solutions is A. isotonic B. hypotonic C. hypertonic 1. _C__ 2% NaCl solution 2. _B__ 1% glucose solution 3. _B__ 0.5% NaCl solution 4. _A__ 5% glucose solution

Learning Check When placed in each of the following, indicate if a red blood cell will A. not change B. undergo hemolysis C. undergo crenation 1.____ 5% glucose solution 2.____ 1% glucose solution 3.____ 0.5% NaCl solution 4.____ 2% NaCl solution

Solution When placed in each of the following, indicate if a red blood cell will A. not change B. undergo hemolysis C. undergo crenation 1._A__ 5% glucose solution 2._B__ 1% glucose solution 3._B__ 0.5% NaCl solution 4._C__ 2% NaCl solution

Concept Map