The Dialogical Self: State of the Art Hubert J.M. Hermans Dialogical Self: State of the Art

Overview - Extension of the self in space: The process of globalization and localization - Extension of the self in time: Four historical notions - The notion of positioning as dynamic and flexible - Two areas relevant to practice: Motivation and conflict resolution - Summary Overview

Globalization as access to different local values, practices and traditions: (higher density and heterogeneity of the position repertoire, multiple identities; coping with uncertainty) Global-local dialectics Localization as a counterforce to globalization: (re-appraisal of local traditions; defensive localization) Global-Local Dialectics Three-level approach as a correction of the self- contained identity: individual, local, global (Falmagne, 2004; Abbey & Falmange 2008) Hermans, H.J.M., & Dimaggio, G. (2007). Self, identity, and globalization in times of uncertainty: A dialogical analysis. Review of General Psychology, 11, 31-61

Four notions of self: Richardson Traditional notion - self defined by a meaningful, hierarchical cosmic order: connectedness - distinction between mere living on earth and a higher better kind of life - moral responsibility Modern notion - self-contained individualism - no complicity in language, culture, and community - self is its own ground: agency Four Notions of the Self Post-modern notion - decentering of the self - self as linguistic construction - multiplicity, fragmentation and loss of agency - power relations Dialogical notion - Acknowledging the existence of power relations (post-modern), agency (modern) and moral responsibility (premodern). Richardson, F.C. et al. (1998): Toward a dialogical self. American Behavioral Scientist, 41 (4), Hermans, H.J.M. & Hermans-Konopka, A. (2009). The dialogical self: Positioning and counter-positioning in a globalizing world. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

A dynamic multiplicity of I-positions in the landscape of the mind. The Dialogical Self Definition Dialogical Self As voiced positions they are involved in dialogical relationships both within and between people: Self as society of mind. Dialogical relationships involve both interchange and relative dominance and are placed in a contex of power relationships. Hermans, H.J.M., Kempen, H.J.G., & Van Loon, J.P. (1992). The dialogical self: Beyond individualism and rationalism. American Psychologist, 47,

Positioning as a Dynamic and Flexible Concept - Positioning, Repositioning, Positioned - Meta-position - Counter-position - Opposition (anti-position) - Composition - Depositioning Hermans, H.J.M., & Hermans-Konopka, A. (2009). The dialogical self: Positioning and counter-positioning in a globalizing world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Positioning as a flexible concept

- Individual differences paradigm vs. extended self Motivation from a Dialogical Point of View Motivation: Abdolah - Internal and external positions: the case of Kader Abdolah

Motivation: One or All Motivation: One or all - Motivating is creating space - Basic self-conflict: one or all?

- I’m often confronted by the necessity of standing by one of my empirical selves and relinquishing the rest. Not that I would not, if I could, be both handsome and fat and well-dressed, and a great athlete, and make a million a year, be a wit, a bon-vivant, and a lady-killer, as well as a philosopher; a philanthropist, statesman, warrior, and African explorer, as well as a ‘tone-poet” and saint. But the thing is simply impossible. The millionaire’s work would run counter to the saint’s; the bon-vivant and the philanthropist would trip each other up; the philosopher and the lady-killer could not well keep house in the same tenement of clay. Such different characters may conceivably at the outset of life be alike possible to a man. But to make any of them actual, the rest must more or less be suppressed (James, 1890, pp ). James’s Suppression of the Rest James’ quotation

- Commitment and choice among alternatives and the development of a stable identity: “suppression of the rest.” Schachter’s Comments on Marcia’s Identity Theory Schachter’s comments on Marcia - Postmodern challenge: “the inclusion of all significant identifications.” - Conflicting positions as parts of a productive coalition create a space between “all” or “one.” Schachter, E. (2002). Identity constraints: The perceived structural requirement of a ‘good’ identity. Human Development, 45,

- The case of a Lesbian woman in Catholic Brazil (Branco et al, 2008). Examples of Resolution of Self-Conflict Examples of resolution of Self-Conflict - Win-lose relationship vs. win-win relationships (Nir & Kluger, 2006). - Basic self-conflict leaves room for the construction of third positions and coalitions of positions as motivating constructions.. Branco, A., et al. (2008, in press). Self-Development and the emergence of new I- positions: Emotions and self-dynamics. Psychological Studies.. Nir, D., & Kluger, A. (2006). Workshop at the Fourth International Conference on the Dialogical Self. Braga, Portugal.

- Tough problems (Kahane, 2004): cause-effect apart, generatively complex, and socially complex Social Conflict Resolution Social Conflict resolution - Exclusive truth claims: challenge to dialogue - Cultural analysis (Avruch & Black, 1993): shifting between cultural positions - Yet, dialogue and conflict are not mutually exclusive - PRIME: visiting each other’s places and writing a common textbook (“third position”)

1. As extended in space, the dialogical self can be studied on the interface of globalization and localization. As far as the self is open to these influences, they result in an increase of the density and heterogeneity of positions in the self. At the same time the self has to cope with the experience of uncertainty. Summarizing Summary 1 2. As extended in time, the dialogical self is at the interface of different historical models of the self (traditional, modern, and post-modern). Studying the self on this interface has the potential of integrating issues of moral responsibility, agency, multiplicity and social power.

Summarizing Summary 2 3. The dynamic and flexible nature of the concept of positioning has the potential to stimulate theory and research into a variety of directions. One of them is the study of the process of positioning and counter-positioning. 4. The process of positioning and counter-positioning opens a field in which there is space for the construction of a third position (between “all” versus “one”) 5. The construction of a third position offers a perspective on motivation and conflict resolution which shows that dialogue and conflict are not mutually exclusive. Rather, conflict is a challenge and a chance for extending and deepening dialogical relationships between conflicting positions.