A Survey on Different Video Watermarking Techniques and Comparative Analysis with Reference to H.264/AVC Sourav Bhattacharya ; T. Chattopadhyay ; Arpan Pal 2006 IEEE Tenth International Symposium on Consumer Electronics

Outline Introduction Video Watermarking Survey on Video Watermarking Comparative Analysis of Different Video Watermarking Techniques Watermarking Techniques Applicable to H.264/AVC

Outline Introduction Video Watermarking Survey on Video Watermarking Comparative Analysis of Different Video Watermarking Techniques Watermarking Techniques Applicable to H.264/AVC

Introduction Digital Rights Management Many watermarking schemes have been proposed to hide copyright marks The main purpose of digital watermarking is to embed information imperceptibly and robustly in the host data

Introduction Internet multimedia, wireless video, personal video recorders, video-on-demand, set-top box, videophone and videoconferencing Demand higher compression and video quality H.264 / Advanced Video Codec (AVC) better image quality in terms of peak-signal- to-noise-ratio (PSNR)

Outline Introduction Video Watermarking Survey on Video Watermarking Comparative Analysis of Different Video Watermarking Techniques Watermarking Techniques Applicable to H.264/AVC

Video Watermarking Digital watermarking Video watermarking terminologies Video watermarking techniques

Digital watermarking Watermark can be a serial number or random number sequence, ownership identifiers, copyright messages, control signal, transaction dates No or little perceptible differences between the original media and the watermarked media

Digital watermarking Domain : a. spatial b. frequency Document ex. text, image, audio, video Perception Application : a. source based b. destination based

Digital watermarking The embedding or encoding process can be viewed as a function X : origin media W : watermark K : key X’ : watermarked media [] : optional argument

Digital watermarking The decoding process The detection process

Video watermarking terminologies Digital Video Payload the amount information stored in a watermark Perceptibility Robustness watermark always remain in video data Security algorithm can be public choice a key from a large key space

Video watermarking techniques Any image watermarking techniques can be extend to watermark video Meet some challenges in reality video : redundant data motion and motionless region real-time requirement susceptible to pirate attacks

Working Domain Pixel domain simple, low time complexity but lack in robustness and imperceptibility Transform domain ex. DCT, DWT detection is performed apply properties of HVS

Outline Introduction Video Watermarking Survey on Video Watermarking Comparative Analysis of Different Video Watermarking Techniques Watermarking Techniques Applicable to H.264/AVC

Survey on Video Watermarking Watermark can be a. directly inserted in the raw video data b. integrated during encoding process c. implemented after compressing the video data

Survey on Video Watermarking Spread spectrum (SS) DCT 2D spread spectrum (just another watermarking system, JAWS) CDMA Perceptual Watermarking (PW)

Spread spectrum [11] sequence of information bits : large factor : cr (chip-rate) the spread sequence : binary pseudo-noise sequence : watermark video signal : amplitude factor : α [11] F. Hartung and B. Girod, “Digital watermarking of raw and compress video” in Proc. SPIE Digital Compression Technologies and Systems for Video Commun.,vol.2952,Oct. 1996,pp

Spread spectrum signal sequence : recovered information bit : The robustness can be increasing by increasing cr,but result in perceptibility

JAWS [19] [19] T. Kalker, G. Depovere, J. Haitsma, Maes, “A Video Watermarking System for Broadcast Monitoring”, proceedings of the SPIE, vol 3657, pp , (1999).

JAWS

CDMA [22] [22] B. G. Mobasseri, “Exploring CDMA for watermarking of digital video”,(1999) proceeding of theSPIE, vol. 3675,pp

PW [29], [30] The five property of the HVS a. Frequency sensitivity b. Luminance sensitivity c. Contrast masking d. Edge masking e. Temporal masking [29] R. B. Wolfgang, C. I. Podilchuk and E. J. Delp, “Perceptual watermarks for digital images and video”, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 87, pp , (1999). [30] M. M. Reid, R. J. Millar and N. D. Black, “Second-generation image coding an overview an overview”, ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 29, pp

Survey on Video Watermarking Collusion resistant (CR) [21] VLC [23] RBEM [24] (region based energy modification) Transformed Domain, proposed by Cox [25] (TDC) 3D DFT Group of frames (GOF) [31]

Outline Introduction Video Watermarking Survey on Video Watermarking Comparative Analysis of Different Video Watermarking Techniques Watermarking Techniques Applicable to H.264/AVC

Comparative Analysis of Different Video Watermarking Techniques TechniqueRRlIPT SSAAGGG JAWSAAGGG CRGGGPP CDMAAAGAA VLCPPGGG RBEMAAGAA TDCGGGAA PWAAGAG 3D DFTGGGAA GOFGAGAG R : Robustness Rl : Reliability I : Imperceptibility P : Practicality T : Time complexity Denote measure G : Good A : Acceptable P : Poor

Outline Introduction Video Watermarking Survey on Video Watermarking Comparative Analysis of Different Video Watermarking Techniques Watermarking Techniques Applicable to H.264/AVC

H.264/AVC is popular for its’ : better compression, picture quality and applicability to portable electronic device we discuss about an overview of H.264/AVC and then the applicability of different watermarking technology in H.264/AVC

Block diagram of H.264/AVC Encoder

Watermarking Techniques Applicable to H.264/AVC Watermarking can be implemented in motion vectors or in integer transformation [28] H.264 differs from other video CODECs like MPEG in the following basic units: a. All transformations are performed on 4x4 block instead of 8x8 or 16x16 block b. Integer transformation is used which differs from the DCT used in other CODECs [28] Gang Qiu, Pina Marziliano, Anthony T.S. HO, Dajun He, and Qibin Sun, “A hybrid watermarking scheme for H.264/AVC video”, Proceedings of the 17 th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR’04)

Watermarking Techniques Applicable to H.264/AVC Most of the reliable and robust watermarking techniques are applied in transformed domain Modifications in the existing algorithm are required to implement watermarking in H.264 Watermarking needs to be performed in real time

TechniqueDomainBasic ToolApplicability in H.264 SS Pixel/ Transformed Algebraic/ DCT Y JAWSPixelAlgebraicY CRPixelAlgebraicY CDMAPixelAlgebraicN VLC During Compression AlgebraicY RBEMPixelAlgebraicY TDCTransformedDCTN PW Pixel/ Transformed Algebraic/ DFT/DCT Y 3D DFTTransformedDFTN The application of different watermarking technology in H.264

References [21] K. Su, D. Kundur and D. Hatzinakos, “A novel approach to collusion-resistant video watermarking”, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 4675, pp [23] G. C. Langelaar, R. L. Lagendijk, and J. Biemond, “Realtime labeling of MPEG-2 compressed video”, (1998) journal of visual communication and image representation, vol. 9, pp [24] V. Darmstaedter, J. –F, Delaigle, D. Nicholson and B. Macq, “A block based watermarking technique for MPEG2 signals: Optimization and validation on real digital TV distribution links”, Proceedings 3 rd European Conference on Multimedia Applications, Services and Techniques, pp , [25] I. J. Cox, J. Kilian, F. T. Leighton and T. Shamoon, “Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia”, IEEE transactions on image processing, vol. 6, pp , (1997). [31] F. Deguillaume, G Csurka, J. O’Ruanaidh and T. Pun, “Robust 3D DFT video watermarking”, Proceeding of the SPIE, vol. 3657, pp