INLAND CULTURE OF THE WHITE SHRIMP Litopenaeus vannamei IN ARIZONA: GOING FORWARD OR BACKWARD? Joshua S. Wilkenfeld * Craig Collins, Roger Drudge, Tark Rush Arizona Mariculture Associates, LLC HC1 Box 46A Agua Caliente Road Dateland, AZ USA Phone: (928) Fax (928)
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED 1. Quick Review of Existing Farms & Culture Methods Used in Production History & Recent Data 3. Why we are going in the direction we are 4. Production Problems Encountered & Progress in Resolving Them (this is the good part) 5. Future Prospects (this is the not-so-good part, maybe)
WHY RAISE SALT WATER SHRIMP IN THE ARIZONA DESERT?!? Colorado and Gila River aquifers Relatively inexpensive land Friendly regulatory environment Very important: VIRUS FREE (thus far)
CULTURE SYSTEMS EMPLOYED ( Take Your Pick!)
Arizona Mariculture Dirt Pond Arizona Mariculture Dirt Ponds
Arizona Mariculture Dirt Pond Desert Sweet Dirt Ponds
PRODUCTION HISTORY IN ARIZONA (’98&‘99=26HA; ’00=36HA; ’01=114HA; ’02=136HA; ’03=90HA)
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE: 2003
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: 2003
PROGRESS IN RESOLVING PROBLEMS Laundry list presented last year included: continuous attrition, molting mortalities, cramping, unstable blooms, benthic algae, blue green algae… Shrimp were living on the edge, very sensitive to stress Significant Concern: WATER CHEMISTRY In 2003, focused on standardizing use of potash, fertilizer, and dolomite What Josh wishes someone had told him before
STANDARDIZING & MINIMIZING OUR USE OF POTASH (KCl) Fielder, D.S., Bardsley, W.J., Allan, G.L., Survival and growth of Australian snapper, Pagrus auratus, in saline groundwater from inland New South Wales, Australia. Aquaculture 201, Key is factor obtained by dividing K/Cl (both in mg/l), regardless of salinity Minimum value for survival is Unpublished data: Works for Shrimp too! We chose for safety
DEDUCTIVE REASONING FOR FOCUS ON POTASSIUM
STANDARDIZING OUR USE OF FERTILIZER Went back to basic literature; opted for 20:1 ratio of N:P We use urea (0.45 kg-N per kg urea) and phosphoric acid (0.24 kg-P per kg PA) Trial & error yielded basic dose of 11.5 kg urea/ha and 1.02 kg phosphoric acid/ha Apply twice in first week of water culture, then as needed to obtain and retain desirable sechi (35-45 cm) To avoid runaway blooms, wait AT LEAST three days between applications!
NOT SO SCIENTIFIC USE OF DOLOMITE Attempting to boost alkalinity and magnesium May help in stabilizing algae bloom We apply 1,000 kg dolomite/ha before filling pond After first 30 days, we follow up with 75 kg/ha once/week
So, Even Though Everybody Loves Shrimp…
THE FUTURE OF INLAND SHRIMP FARMING IN ARIZONA IS CLOUDY All four farms will probably stock again this year Focusing on the live shrimp market failed as a strategy in 2003 Still trying to develop reliable, profitable specialty niches Three of the four farms will drop to low density, low cost operations
The End Got Questions? them to