Maintaining and Improving the AMSR-E and WindSat Ocean Products Frank J. Wentz Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa CA AMSR TIM Agenda 4-5 September 2013 Mandalay Beach, CA
Retrieve accurate wind speeds when rain is present Mitigate RFI contamination Remove sun glitter contamination Assign error bars to each and every retrieval AMSR-E and WindSat Algorithm Improvements
Winds Through Rain
New Winds-Through-Rain Product Rain Rate WindSat – BUOY Wind Speed [m/s] Bias Standard Deviation no rain light rain 0 – 3 mm/h moderate rain 3 – 8 mm/h heavy rain > 8 mm/h
RFI Mitigation
Sun Glitter Removal Based on Recent Work Removal of Galactic Reflections for Aquarius
Assignment of Error Bars Error Bars and Dynamic Quantities
Retrieve accurate wind speeds when rain is present Mitigate RFI contamination Remove sun glitter contamination Assign error bars to each and every retrieval Proposed Future Work for AMSR-E and WindSat
Using WindSat as a Calibration Bridge from AMSR-E to AMSR-2 Frank J. Wentz Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa CA AMSR TIM Agenda 4-5 September 2013 Mandalay Beach, CA
Climate Change: Hydrologic Cycle and General Circulation Probably the Greatest Consequences of Our Warming Climate will be Related to Changes to Hydrologic Cycle and General Circulation: Drought, Floods, Severe Storms Is the Hydrologic Cycle Accelerating? Is the Walker Circulation Intensifying? Is the Hadley Cell becoming More Energetic? How will Precipitation Increase with Global Warming? Slide 10
35-Years of Microwave Earth Observations GCOM-W and GCOM-W2 Continues the Advancement Slide 11
Quarter Century Trend Maps of Wind and Vapor Regional Trend Patterns are 5+ times larger than the estimated 2-sigma error. They are real.
Intensification of Walker Circulation as Evidenced by Increasing Surface Winds in the Tropical Pacific Sea-Surface Height, SST Trend = K per decade Wind Trend = m/s per decade
High Wind Trends from Altimeters Trend Discrepancies in NINO4 Region Discrepancies in Wind Trends Satellite Wind Trends ( )Mean CMIP-3 Wind Trends ( ) MERRA Wind Trends ( )ERA-Interim Wind Trends ( ) Nino-4
Climate Models Do Not Produce True Large-Scale, Quarter-Century Climate Features Slide 15
Standard Error in Satellite Trend Estimated to be 0.05 mm/decade (0.2%/decade) Discrepancies in Vapor Trends
Geophysical Retrievals Validation EP Adjustments ( i.e., clear sky bias, high vapor bias) Retrieval Algorithm Radiative Transfer Model Simulated Antenna Temperatures Sensor Antenna Temperatures Sensor AdjustmentsRTM Adjustments Automatic Calibration Cycle Time ≈ ½ Year Engineering Climate Data Records Version-7 Calibration Methodology Precision of 0.1 K or smaller Use same RTM for calibrating all satellites Use RTM -1 for same retrieval algorithm for all satellites
F16 SSM/I Problem Inter-Comparison of Radiometer Wind Time Series F13 SSMI, F16 & F17 SSM/IS, WindSat (F31), and AMSR-E (F32) Agreement is at 0.1 m/s Level
Inter-Comparison of Radiometer Vapor Time Series F13 SSMI, F16 & F17 SSM/IS, WindSat (F31), and AMSR-E (F32) Agreement is at 0.1 mm Level AMSR-E > WindSat: Vapor in Rain
WindSat as a Calibration Bridge to AMSR-2 Both AMSR-E and WindSat are at the V-7 Calibration Standard WindSat is Very Stable Years of Analysis have gone into comparing WindSat and AMSR-E Diurnal differences are mostly understood Goal: Make AMSR-2 versus WindSat look like AMSR-E versus WindSat
Proposed Calibration Methodology WindSat Ocean Products are accurate: SST, Wind, Vapor, and Cloud (T,W,V,L) They have been thoroughly validated and will be continue to be validated Ocean Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) is highly accurate 0.2 K absolute (TBD), and 0.1 K relative Meissner and Wentz (2012): IGARSS Paper of the Year Award Publically available RTM [ T,W,V,L from WindSat ] Highly accurate simulated AMSR-2 Brightness Temperatures Same Version-7 Calibration Method use for other MW radiometer: 6 SSM/I, 2 SSM/IS, AMSR-E, and WindSat (soon TMI) Primary Calibration Adjustments: 1.Mean Hot Load Temperature: -1.8 K for 6-37 GHz; -0.8 K for 89 GHz 2.APC 3.Non-Linear correction Amazon Forest calibration needed because of non-linearity issue.
Red Curves are JAXA Non-Linear Correction ( Marehito Kasahara 21 Feb 2013 presentation) Black Curves are preliminary values coming from our analysis. Receiver Non-Linearity is an Important Issue for AMSR-2 Each image shows a separate channel. All 16 channels are shown.
Ocean Calibration Difference of AMSR-2 TB Minus RTM TB using WindSat Retrievals Before Vapor/Cloud Diurnal Adjustment After Vapor/Cloud Diurnal Adjustment 6.9 H 10.7H 18.7H 23.8H 37 H
Black triangles are WindSat. Red triangles are AMSR-E. Green triangles are AMSR-2. Colored squares are the 6 SSM/Is Same months used for averages, but averaging years are different. Amazon Forest Calibration Before Adjusting Hot-Load Temperature, APC, and Non-Linear Correction
Black triangles are WindSat. Red triangles are AMSR-E. Green triangles are AMSR-2. Colored squares are the 6 SSM/Is Same months used for averages, but averaging years are different. Amazon Forest Calibration After Adjusting Hot-Load Temperature, APC, and Non-Linear Correction
Closure Analysis: AMSR-2 TB minus RTM with AMSR-2 Ocean Retrievals Only Ascending Orbit Segments Each image shows a separate channel. All 16 channels are shown.
Closure Analysis: AMSR-2 TB minus RTM with AMSR-2 Ocean Retrievals Descending Minus Ascending Orbit Segments Each image shows a separate channel. All 16 channels are shown.
Conclusions We Expect AMSR-2 will Significantly Advanced Our Understanding of Climate Change. The Various Calibration Issues are Typical for Satellite Microwave Radiometers, Although the Receiver Non-Linearity is a Bit Unusual. RFI Continues to be Worrisome but Adaptive Mitigation Strategies Can be Employed