Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) APA Publication Style Graziano and Raulin Research Methods: Appendix B This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: (1) Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; (2) Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; (3) Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) A Research Article A concise description of A concise description of –the logic of your study –relevant previous research –your procedures and results –your interpretation of the findings Everything needed to evaluate your thinking and your study Everything needed to evaluate your thinking and your study APA format simplifies the writing process APA format simplifies the writing process

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Major Sections of the Manuscript Title page Title page Abstract Abstract Introduction Introduction Method Method –Participants –Apparatus –Procedures Results Results Discussion Discussion References References Appendices (if needed) Appendices (if needed) Footnotes Footnotes Tables Tables Figure Captions Figure Captions Figures Figures

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Levels of Headings Five levels of headings Five levels of headings CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING (LEVEL 5) Centered Upper- and Lowercase Heading (Level 1) Centered, Underlined, Upper- and Lowercase Heading (Level 2) Upper- and Lowercase Side Heading (Level 3) Paragraph heading (level 4). –Use level 1 heading when only 1 level is needed; 1&3 for 2 levels; 1, 3, & 4 for 3 levels; 1-4 for 4 levels; all for 5 levels

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Title Page Title page includes Title page includes –A concise title describing the study –List of authors and their affiliations –A running head of up to 50 characters (placed at the top of the title page) The title page is numbered just as any other page (page 1) The title page is numbered just as any other page (page 1) Nothing else goes on the title page Nothing else goes on the title page

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Abstract A concise summary (maximum of 120 words) of the research project A concise summary (maximum of 120 words) of the research project Abstract goes on a separate page (page 2) Abstract goes on a separate page (page 2) Although the abstract is first, it is often written last, after the paper is finalized Although the abstract is first, it is often written last, after the paper is finalized The abstract is usually published in one or more computer databases The abstract is usually published in one or more computer databases

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Introduction Outlines the logic of your study and how your study relates to previous research Outlines the logic of your study and how your study relates to previous research Usually ends with specific hypotheses to be tested in your research study Usually ends with specific hypotheses to be tested in your research study Well written IF the hypotheses seem to follow clearly from the material presented in the introduction Well written IF the hypotheses seem to follow clearly from the material presented in the introduction

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Referencing the Work of Others Throughout the paper, you should reference the ideas and work of others by author and date, using APA format shown below Throughout the paper, you should reference the ideas and work of others by author and date, using APA format shown below Jackson (1994) argued that the results were an artifact of a failure to control experimenter effects. Some have argued the experimenter effects could have accounted for the results (Jackson, 1994). Several researchers (Jackson, 1994; Perkins & Brown, 1992; Rossberg, 1989) disagree with this interpretation.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Method Includes a detailed description of the participants, measures, and procedures Includes a detailed description of the participants, measures, and procedures Previously published measures or procedures should be referenced Previously published measures or procedures should be referenced Enough detail should be included so that a knowledgeable researcher could replicate the procedure Enough detail should be included so that a knowledgeable researcher could replicate the procedure

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Results Should include a summary of the finding, the statistical tests, and the summary statistics Should include a summary of the finding, the statistical tests, and the summary statistics –Descriptions of the participants –Tests of the hypotheses –Secondary analyses May use tables and figures to help organize the presentation May use tables and figures to help organize the presentation

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Reporting Statistics Reporting t-tests Reporting t-tests –Group A was significantly slower than Group B, t (38) = 3.21, p <.01. Reporting ANOVAs Reporting ANOVAs –There was a significant main effect for training, F (2, 63) = 4.01, p <.05. Reporting chi squares Reporting chi squares –Boys were significantly more likely to drop out of the program than girls, X 2 (1, N=50) = 7.96, p <.01.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Tables Tables are numbered consecutively and are placed after the footnote page Tables are numbered consecutively and are placed after the footnote page The title of the table should be italicized The title of the table should be italicized Tables should be referenced in the text, but not duplicated Tables should be referenced in the text, but not duplicated –If you describe everything in a table in the text, the table is unnecessary See next slide for an example table See next slide for an example table

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Sample Table

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Figures Figures are numbered consecutively (independently of tables) Figures are numbered consecutively (independently of tables) Figures appear at the end of the paper Figures appear at the end of the paper –Camera-ready or digital copies of figures should be included when submitting a paper for publication Figure captions for all figures appear on a separate page just before the figures Figure captions for all figures appear on a separate page just before the figures

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Sample Figure

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Discussion Interprets the results of your study Interprets the results of your study Summarize the findings Summarize the findings –Relate the findings to your hypotheses –Relate the findings to previous research and the hypotheses of others –Acknowledge weaknesses in your study –Discuss directions for further research

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) References Every study mentioned in the paper must be included in the references Every study mentioned in the paper must be included in the references Ordered alphabetically by author and date Ordered alphabetically by author and date Examples of reference format Examples of reference format Sagen, C. (1995). The demon-haunted world. New York: Random House. Sagen, C. (1995). The demon-haunted world. New York: Random House. Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., Jaycox, L. H., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). Prevention of depressive symptoms in schoolchildren: Two-year follow-up. Psychological Science, 6, Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., Jaycox, L. H., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). Prevention of depressive symptoms in schoolchildren: Two-year follow-up. Psychological Science, 6,

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Writing Style Want to achieve good technical writing Want to achieve good technical writing –Precise –Concise –Well organized Writing manuals can be helpful Writing manuals can be helpful –Strunk, White, and Angell’s (1999) Elements of Style –Zinsser’s (2001) On Writing Well

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Summary Final step of any research project is communicating the results Final step of any research project is communicating the results APA Publication Style APA Publication Style –Provides an organizational structure to facilitate communication –Divides the report into sections –Provides sufficient information for the reader to understand and replicate the study