1 Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn Module 7

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5 Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn Overview  Three Major Developmental Issues  Conception and Prenatal Development  The Competent Newborn

6 Prenatal Development and the Newborn  Developmental Psychology  a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span

7 Developmental Psychology IssueDetails Nature/Nurture How do genetic inheritance (our nature) and experience (the nurture we receive) influence our behavior? Continuity/Stages Is developmental a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages? Stability/Change Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age.

8 Prenatal Development and the Newborn Conception A single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuses to form one fertilized cell. Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company

9 Prenatal Development  A zygote is a fertilized cell with cells that become increasingly diverse.  At about 14 days the zygote turns into an embryo (a and b). Zygote Embryo at 40 DaysEmbryo at 45 Days

10 Prenatal Development and the Newborn 40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months Link Link

11 Prenatal Development At 9 weeks, an embryo turns into a fetus (c and d). Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company

12 Prenatal Development and the Newborn  Teratogens  agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause birth defects Link to AM 12:20 Link to AM  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)  physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking  symptoms include misproportioned head

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16 PKU - Phenylketonuria Recessive genetic condition where the child lacks an enzyme to break down phenylalanine Untreated, it can cause problems with brain development, leading to retardation, brain damage, and seizures

17 Infants are born with reflexes that aid in survival… Rooting - turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek Grasping - curling the fingers around an object Stepping Reflex - reflex that causes newborns to start a stepping motion as they touch a surface

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21 Infant Reflexes Sucking— sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation Moro (startle reflex)— throwing the arms out, arching the back and bringing the arms together as if to hold onto something (in response to loud noise or sudden change in position of the head) Babinski— fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked

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24 Prenatal Development and the Newborn  Preferences  human voices and faces  facelike images, smell and sound of mother preferred

25 Reprinted from Cognition, vol. 4. M.A. Johnson, S. Dziurawiec, H. Ellis, and J. Morton, "Newborns' Preferential Tracking of Face-Like Stimuli and Its Subsequent Decline," pp. 1-19, © 1991 with the kind permission of Elsevier Science - NL, Sara Burgerharstraat 25, 1055 KV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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27 The Competent Newborn Offspring cries are important signals for parents to provide nourishment. In animals and humans such cries are quickly attended to and relieved. Carl and Ann Purcell/ Corbis Lightscapes, Inc. Corbis

28 EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2008

29 Don’t forget: You can copy- paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: 6. Newborns have been observed to show t...

30 Don’t forget: You can copy- paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: 5. The rooting reflex refers to a baby's... ce_polls/LTEwOTcxMDE0Mjk

31 Don’t forget: You can copy- paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll.

32 Don’t forget: You can copy- paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: 1.Developmental psychologists study phys... le_choice_polls/LTE3MTY2NDU4MjA

33 Don’t forget: You can copy- paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: 51. Which of the following accurately de... choice_polls/MTQ3MjgzNzIwNw