Environmental Engineering 441 Philadelphia University Faculty of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering First Semester, 2013/2014 Environmental Engineering 441 Lecture Time: Class 1: 11:15 to 12:45 Monday & Wednesday

International System of Units The International System of Units (abbreviated SI) is the modern form of the metric system. It is the world's most widely used system of units, both in everyday commerce and in science. The older metric system included several groupings of units. The SI was developed in 1960 from the metre-kilogram-second (mks) system, rather than the centimetre-gram-second (cgs) system which, in turn, had many variants. The SI introduced several newly named units. The SI is not static; it is a living set of standards where units are created and definitions are modified with international agreement as measurement technology progresses. With few exceptions, the system is used in every country in the world, and many countries do not maintain official definitions of other units. In the United States, industrial use of SI is increasing, but popular use is still limited. In the United Kingdom, conversion to metric units is official policy but not yet complete. Those countries that still recognize non-SI units (e.g. the U.S. and UK) have redefined their traditional non-SI units in terms of SI units.

SI base units Type Name Symbol length metre m mass kilogram kg time  second  s  electric current  ampere  A  temperature  kelvin  K  amount of substance  mole  mol  luminous intensity  candela  cd

SI derived units Type Name Symbol inductance henry H mass flow rate  kilogram/second  kg/s  mole flow rate  mole/second  mol/s  power  watt  W  pressure  pascal  Pa  speed  meter/second  m/s  surface tension  newton/meter  N/m  torque  newton meter  N-m  voltage  volt  V  volume  cubic meter  m3  volume flow rate  cubic meter/second  m3/s  amount-of-substance concentration  mole/cubic meter  mol/m3 Type  Name Symbol   acceleration  meter/square second  m/s2  angle  radian  rad  area  square meter  m2  capacitance  farad  F  density  kilogram/cubic meter  kg/m3  dynamic viscosity  pascal second  Pa-s  electric charge  coulomb  C  electric conductance  siemens  S  electric resistance  ohm  Ω  energy  joule  J  force  newton  N  frequency  hertz  Hz

SI prefixes Factor Prefix Symbol 1024 1E24 yotta Y 1021 1E21 zetta Z  1024 1E24  yotta  Y  1021 1E21  zetta  Z  1018 1E18  exa  E  1015 1E15  peta  P  1012 1E12  tera  T  109 1E9  giga  G  106 1E6  mega  M  103 1E3  kilo  k  102 1E2  hecto  h  101 1E1  deca  da  deka   10-1 1E-1  deci  d  10-2 1E-2  centi  c  10-3 1E-3  milli  m  10-6 1E-6  micro  µ  10-9 1E-9  nano  n  10-12 1E-12  pico  p  10-15 1E-15  femto  f  10-18 1E-18  atto  a  10-21 1E-21  zepto  z  10-24 1E-24  yocto  y

USCS - United States Customary System Units USCS - United States Customary System Units: are the measuring units used in the U.S. consisting of the Mile (eq 1609.344 m) Foot (equal 0.3048 m) Inch (eq 0.0254 m) Gallon ( US eq 3.785 L) (UK eq 4.546 L) second Pound (eq 0.45359 Kg)

Commonly used USCS and SI-units USCS unit SI unit SI symbol Conversion factor (mutiply USCS unit with factor ) Square foot Square meter m2 0.0929 Cubic foot Cubic meter m3 0.2831 Pound per square inch Kilopascal kPa 6.894 Pound force Newton N 4.448 Foot pound torque Newton meter N·m 1.356 Kip foot Kilonewton meter kN·m Gallon per minute Liter per second L/s 0.06309 Kip per square inch Megapascal MPa 6.89

for online conversion you can use the following http://www

Example #1: Concentrations and Conversions Some employees at GE wash the PCB tainted floor with organic solvent (TCE) and the discharge enters a holding tank that is 25 m x 25 m x 5 ft and is full with water. The volume of solvent is 3 L and the concentration of PCBs in the solvent is 10 ppm. What is the final concentration of PCB in mg/l in the holding tank?

Material Balances MB is a key tools in achieving a quantitative understanding of the behavior of environmental systems. Mass Balances provide us with a tool for modeling the production, transport, and fate of pollutants in the environment.

Material Balances / Mass Balnce Conservation of mass Mass is neither created nor destroyed” Mass that comes in either stays, reacts or goes out. “the sum of weights (masses) of substances entering into a reaction is equal to the sum of weights (masses) of the products of the reaction Feed In Products out Inputs - Output = Accumulation

Steady State Flow Conservative System: Σ CinQin = ΣCoutQout Assumption #1: Steady‐state: no change in conc. throughout control volume Assumption #2: Conservative system: No reaction

Example #1 The Hudson river flows with a flow rate of 300,000 cfs. GE discharges to the Hudson with a flow rate of 10 cfs. The concentration of PCBs in the discharge is 5 g/L. What is the final concentration in the river? downstream from the discharge? Assume perfect mixing. Also assume concentration of PCBs upstream of the discharge is 0 ppm.

Strategy of solving MB Sketch a flow chart or figure defining the boundary of the process Label the flow of each stream & their composition with symbols Show all known flows and compositions on the figure. Calculate additional compositions from the data where possible Select the basis for calculations e.g. 1h, 1 day, 1 kg, etc Write the MBs which includes the total balance and component balances. There must be x independent equations if there are x unknowns Solve the equations and check the solutions

Example #2 A wastewater treatment plant with an output of 38400m3/day discharges the liquid effluent with a BOD of 20mg/L into a river. If the BOD of the river upstream of the discharge point is 0.2mg/l, at a minimum flow of 20m3/s, compare the BOD of the river downstream of the discharge, assuming complete mixing. Answer = 0.63mg/L

Example #3 A slurry containing 20 percent by weight of limestone (CaCO3) is processes to separate pure dry limestone from water. If feed rate is 2000kg/h, how much CaCO3 is produced per hour?

Home Work Each day 3780 m3 of wastewater is treated at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The influent contains 220 mg/L of suspended solids. The clarified water has a suspended solids concentration of 5mg/L. Determine the mass of sludge produced daily from the clarifier and write down the mass balance of the clarifier. As a fuel source 20kg of ethylene (C2H4) is burned with 400 kg of air. Determine the composition of the resulting mixture. What is the percentage of excess air, assuming complete conversation?

Analysis performance of reactor type Effluent influent V (m3) Qin CAin Q out C Aout Input – output+ generation= accumulation

General Material Balance equation for first order reaction rates: Reactor influent Effluent V (m3) Qin CAin Q out C Aout VdC/dt =ΣCinQin − ΣCoutQout ± kCV C = concentration in the control volume (river/stream/reactor) [=] mg/L V = volume of control volume [=] L, m3, ft3 Qin = flowrate of inlet streams [=]m3/s, L/s, cfs, MGD Qout = summation of all outlet streams [=]m3/s, L/s, cfs, MGD Cin = concentration in each inlet stream [= ] mg/L Cout = concentration in each inlet stream [= ] mg/L k = 1st order reaction rate constant (will be given) [=] 1/s t = time [=] sec, mi