15 The Special Senses

Of the following senses, which accounts for the majority of sensory receptors in the body? Hearing Olfaction Vision Gustation Answer: c. Vision © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Of the following senses, which accounts for the majority of sensory receptors in the body? Hearing Olfaction Vision Gustation Answer: c. Vision © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

Which of the following terms is a synonym for eyelids? Commissures Palpebrae Caruncles Tarsal plates Answer: b. Palpebrae © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following terms is a synonym for eyelids? Commissures Palpebrae Caruncles Tarsal plates Answer: b. Palpebrae © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

Pinkeye is an infection of the _______ of the eye. conjunctiva lacrimal apparatus cornea palpebrae Answer: a. conjunctiva © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pinkeye is an infection of the _______ of the eye. conjunctiva lacrimal apparatus cornea palpebrae Answer: a. conjunctiva © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

In order to turn the eye straight down, the actions of the _______ muscle(s) is (are) required. superior rectus and superior oblique inferior rectus inferior rectus and lateral rectus inferior rectus and superior oblique Answer: d. inferior rectus and superior oblique © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

In order to turn the eye straight down, the actions of the _______ muscle(s) is (are) required. superior rectus and superior oblique inferior rectus inferior rectus and lateral rectus inferior rectus and superior oblique Answer: d. inferior rectus and superior oblique © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

The cornea is actually part of the ______ layer of the eye. fibrous vascular sensory scleral Answer: a. fibrous © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The cornea is actually part of the ______ layer of the eye. fibrous vascular sensory scleral Answer: a. fibrous © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

Sympathetic fibers innervating the iris of the eye cause which response? Constriction Dilation Papillary decrease Rapid blinking Answer: b. Dilation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sympathetic fibers innervating the iris of the eye cause which response? Constriction Dilation Papillary decrease Rapid blinking Answer: b. Dilation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

Focusing an object on the _______ provides the highest visual acuity. rods blind spot fovea centralis choroid Answer: c. fovea centralis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Focusing an object on the _______ provides the highest visual acuity. rods blind spot fovea centralis choroid Answer: c. fovea centralis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

Glaucoma is a disorder in which _______. the scleral venous sinus becomes blocked intraocular pressure increases above 16 mm Hg the retina is compressed and its blood supply is blocked all of the above occur Answer: d. all of the above occur © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Glaucoma is a disorder in which _______. the scleral venous sinus becomes blocked intraocular pressure increases above 16 mm Hg the retina is compressed and its blood supply is blocked all of the above occur Answer: d. all of the above occur © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

The formation of rainbows reflects the fact that _______. during rain showers, an abundance of electromagnetic energy is available visible light consists of multiple wavelengths of light light travels in a linear fashion X rays become visible by reflecting off of raindrops Answer: b. visible light consists of multiple wavelengths of light © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The formation of rainbows reflects the fact that _______. during rain showers, an abundance of electromagnetic energy is available visible light consists of multiple wavelengths of light light travels in a linear fashion X rays become visible by reflecting off of raindrops Answer: b. visible light consists of multiple wavelengths of light © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

Sympathetic innervation is predominant during _______. distant vision close vision accommodation of the lenses myopic vision Answer: a. distant vision © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sympathetic innervation is predominant during _______. distant vision close vision accommodation of the lenses myopic vision Answer: a. distant vision © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 21

Functional differences between rod vision and cone vision can be explained because _______. in cones, the disc membrane is continuous with the plasma membrane in rods, the discs are discontinuous rods participate in converging pathways where as many as 100 rods connect with a single ganglion cell rods have one of three different pigments sensitive to different wavelengths of light Answer: c. rods participate in converging pathways where as many as 100 rods connect with a single ganglion cell © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Functional differences between rod vision and cone vision can be explained because _______. in cones, the disc membrane is continuous with the plasma membrane in rods, the discs are discontinuous rods participate in converging pathways where as many as 100 rods connect with a single ganglion cell rods have one of three different pigments sensitive to different wavelengths of light Answer: c. rods participate in converging pathways where as many as 100 rods connect with a single ganglion cell © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

Visual pigments are differentiated based on the identity of the ______ protein. retinal vitamin A 11-cis-isomer opsin Answer: d. opsin © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Visual pigments are differentiated based on the identity of the ______ protein. retinal vitamin A 11-cis-isomer opsin Answer: d. opsin © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 25

The light-dependent step in vision involves _______. stimulating the transformation in retinal from the 11-cis isomer to the 11-trans isomer maintaining the dark current in the outer segments of the visual receptors opening the cation channels in the outer segments of the visual receptors release of neurotransmitter to the bipolar cells Answer: a. stimulating the transformation in retinal from the 11-cis isomer to the 11-trans isomer © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The light-dependent step in vision involves _______. stimulating the transformation in retinal from the 11-cis isomer to the 11-trans isomer maintaining the dark current in the outer segments of the visual receptors opening the cation channels in the outer segments of the visual receptors release of neurotransmitter to the bipolar cells Answer: a. stimulating the transformation in retinal from the 11-cis isomer to the 11-trans isomer © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 27

The detection of light is ultimately communicated to the brain because of _______. photoreceptor cell depolarization photoreceptor cells releasing neurotransmitter photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization bipolar cells receiving excitatory postsynaptic potentials Answer: c. photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The detection of light is ultimately communicated to the brain because of _______. photoreceptor cell depolarization photoreceptor cells releasing neurotransmitter photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization bipolar cells receiving excitatory postsynaptic potentials Answer: c. photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 29

During light adaptation, _______. the cone system turns off and the rod system turns on we lose retinal sensitivity, but gain visual acuity the pupils dilate to allow more light to enter the eye rhodopsin accumulates and transducin returns to the outer segment Answer: b. we lose retinal sensitivity, but gain visual acuity © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

During light adaptation, _______. the cone system turns off and the rod system turns on we lose retinal sensitivity, but gain visual acuity the pupils dilate to allow more light to enter the eye rhodopsin accumulates and transducin returns to the outer segment Answer: b. we lose retinal sensitivity, but gain visual acuity © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 31

Which structures are the visual reflex centers controlling the extrinsic muscles of the eyes? Lateral geniculate bodies Pretectal nuclei Superior colliculi Suprachiasmatic nuclei Answer: c. Superior colliculi © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which structures are the visual reflex centers controlling the extrinsic muscles of the eyes? Lateral geniculate bodies Pretectal nuclei Superior colliculi Suprachiasmatic nuclei Answer: c. Superior colliculi © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 33

The receptive structures for smell are the _______. olfactory stem cells supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium filaments of the olfactory nerve olfactory sensory neurons and cilia Answer: d. olfactory sensory neurons and cilia © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The receptive structures for smell are the _______. olfactory stem cells supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium filaments of the olfactory nerve olfactory sensory neurons and cilia Answer: d. olfactory sensory neurons and cilia © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 35

In detection of smell, odorants themselves _______. bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels are neurotransmitters are detected by chemoreceptors in the lungs are or do all of the above Answer: a. bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

In detection of smell, odorants themselves _______. bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels are neurotransmitters are detected by chemoreceptors in the lungs are or do all of the above Answer: a. bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 37

Taste is 80% smell. The relationship between smell and taste is evidenced by the fact that both sensations are a type of ________. photoreception baroreception mechanoreception chemoreception Answer: d. chemoreception © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Taste is 80% smell. The relationship between smell and taste is evidenced by the fact that both sensations are a type of ________. photoreception baroreception mechanoreception chemoreception Answer: d. chemoreception © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 39

The hearing receptors are located in the _______. external ear middle ear internal ear tympanic cavity Answer: c. internal ear © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The hearing receptors are located in the _______. external ear middle ear internal ear tympanic cavity Answer: c. internal ear © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 41

The _______ of sound waves is interpreted as differing pitches, whereas the _______ of sound waves is interpreted as loudness. frequency; amplitude quality; decibels amplitude; frequency decibels; quality Answer: a. frequency; amplitude © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The _______ of sound waves is interpreted as differing pitches, whereas the _______ of sound waves is interpreted as loudness. frequency; amplitude quality; decibels amplitude; frequency decibels; quality Answer: a. frequency; amplitude © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 43

Which homeostatic imbalance is characterized by a howling ringing in the ears, vertigo, vomiting, and nausea? Conduction deafness Tinnitus Sensorineural deafness Ménière's syndrome Answer: d. Ménière's syndrome © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which homeostatic imbalance is characterized by a howling ringing in the ears, vertigo, vomiting, and nausea? Conduction deafness Tinnitus Sensorineural deafness Ménière's syndrome Answer: d. Ménière's syndrome © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 45

The middle ear ossicles serve to ______ the sound waves onto the oval window. bypass amplify transduce interpret Answer: b. amplify © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The middle ear ossicles serve to ______ the sound waves onto the oval window. bypass amplify transduce interpret Answer: b. amplify © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 47

Transduction of sound stimuli occurs as a result of _______. bending of the hair cells, which stimulates the opening of the mechanically gated ion channels in their membrane a receptor potential generation release of the neurotransmitter glutamate all of the above Answer: d. all of the above © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transduction of sound stimuli occurs as a result of _______. bending of the hair cells, which stimulates the opening of the mechanically gated ion channels in their membrane a receptor potential generation release of the neurotransmitter glutamate all of the above Answer: d. all of the above © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 49

Dynamic and static equilibrium transduction both use the principle of ________. mechanoreception chemoreception thermoreception photoreception Answer: a. mechanoreception © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dynamic and static equilibrium transduction both use the principle of ________. mechanoreception chemoreception thermoreception photoreception Answer: a. mechanoreception © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 51

At what age is it estimated that we would lose all of our hearing receptors? 60 years 80 years 100 years 140 years Answer: d. 140 years © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

At what age is it estimated that we would lose all of our hearing receptors? 60 years 80 years 100 years 140 years Answer: d. 140 years © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 53