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H UMAN P HYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH T H I R D E D I T I O N Chapter 10, part A Sensory Physiology
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2 About this Chapter What are the senses How sensory systems work Body sensors and homeostatic maintenance Sensing the external environment Mechanisms and pathways to perception
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3 Stimulus Internal External Energy source Receptors Sense organs Transducer Afferent pathway CNS integration General Properties of Sensory Systems
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4 Figure 10-4: Sensory pathways
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5 Simple receptors Complex neural Special senses Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Sensory Receptor Types
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6 Figure 10-1: Sensory receptors
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7 Vision Hearing Taste Smell Equilibrium Special Senses – External Stimuli
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8 Figure 10-4: Sensory pathways
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9 Touch Temperature Pain Itch Proprioception Pathway Somatic Senses – Internal Stimuli Figure 10-10: The somatosensory cortex
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10 Receptor Threshold Action potential Sensory neurons Primary – medulla Secondary – thalamus Tertiary – cortex Integration Receptive field Multiple levels Somatic Pathways
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11 Somatic Pathways Figure 10-9: Sensory pathways cross the body’s midline
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12 Location Lateral inhibition Receptive field Intensity Duration Tonic receptors Phasic receptors Adaptation Sensory Modality
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13 Sensory Modality Figure 10-3: Two-point discrimination
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14 Sensory Modality Figure 10-6: Lateral inhibition
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15 Mechanoreceptors Free nerve endings Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Merkel receptors Meisaner's corpuscles Barroreceptors Touch (pressure)
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16 Touch (pressure) Figure 10-11: Touch-pressure receptors
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17 Free nerve endings Cold receptors Warm receptors Pain receptors Sensory coding: Intensity Duration Temperature
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18 Temperature Figure 10-7: Sensory coding for stimulus intensity and duration
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19 Nociceptors Reflexive path Itch Fast pain Slow pain Pain and Itching
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20 Pain and Itching Figure 10-12: The gate control theory of pain modulation
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H UMAN P HYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH T H I R D E D I T I O N Chapter 10, part B Sensory Physiology
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22 Ischemia Other visceral pain Modulation Thalamus Gate control Magnification Analgesic drugs Aspirin Opiates Referred Pain
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23 Referred Pain Figure 10-13: Referred pain
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24 Olfactory cell Chemoreceptor Olfactory cilia Olfactory bulb Olfactory nerve CNS integration Amygdala Hippocampus Olfactory Olfactor: Sense of Smell
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25 Olfactor: Sense of Smell Figure 10-14a, b: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Olfaction
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26 Olfactor: Sense of Smell Figure 10-14c: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Olfaction
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27 5 Tastes Taste buds Taste cells Mechanism Transduction Integration Thalamus Gustatory cortex "Specific hunger" Taste: Chemoreceptors Figure 10-16: Summary of taste transduction
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28 Sound waves Conduction Air Bone Fluid Membranes To hair cell Hearing: Mechanoreceptors
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29 Hearing: Mechanoreceptors Figure 10-19: Sound transmission through the ear
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30 Fluid wave moves Tectoral membrane Steriocilia move Ion channels open Depolarization NT release Sensory nerve AP Hearing: Hair Cell Transduction
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31 Hearing: Hair Cell Transduction Figure 10-20: The cochlea
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32 Hearing: Hair Cell Transduction Figure 10-21: Signal transduction in hair cells
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33 Pitch Intensity Localization Integration Medulla Thalamus Auditory cortex Deafness Conductive Sensorineural Hearing: Integration and Problems Figure 10-5: Localization of sound
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34 Hearing: Integration and Problems Figure 10-22: Sensory coding for pitch
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H UMAN P HYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH T H I R D E D I T I O N Chapter 10, part C Sensory Physiology
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36 Body balance Body position Body movement Propioceptors Vision Vestibular apparatus Equilibrium: Mechanoreceptor
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37 Integration Medulla Cerebellum Thalamus Cortex Equilibrium: Mechanoreceptor Figure 10-26: Central nervous system pathways for equilibrium
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38 Otolith organs Gravity Calcite crystals Hair cells Semicircular canals Fluid moves Cristae Cupula Hair cells Equilibrium: Vestibular Apparatus
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39 Equilibrium: Vestibular Apparatus Figure 10-23a, b: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Vestibular Apparatus
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40 Equilibrium: Vestibular Apparatus Figure 10-23c, d: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Vestibular Apparatus
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41 Reflected light translated into mental image Pupil limits light, lens focuses light Retinal rods and cones are photoreceptors Vision: Photoreceptors Figure 10-36: Photoreceptors in the fovea
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42 Rods – night vision Cones – color & details Bipolar & ganglion cells converge, integrate APs Photoreception and Local Integration
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43 Photoreception and Local Integration Figure 10-35: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Retina
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44 Rod cells: monochromatic Cone cells: red, green, & blue Discs: visual pigments Pigmented epithelium Melanin granules Prevents reflection Retina: More Detail
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45 Retina: More Detail Figure 10-38: Photoreceptors: rods and cones
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46 Photons "bleach" opsin, retinal released, cascade, Na + channel closes, K + opens, hyperpolarization Reduces NT release Phototransduction
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47 Phototransduction Figure 10-40: Phototransduction in rods
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48 Bipolar Ganglion Movement Color Optic nerve Optic chiasm Optic tract Thalamus Visual cortex Vision: Integration of Signals to Perception Figure 10-29b, c: Neural pathways for vision and the papillary reflex
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49 Sensory pathway: receptor, sensory neuron(s) & CNS Somatic senses: touch, temperature, pain & proprioception communicate body information to CNS Special senses: taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, & vision Outside conditions for CNS integration into perception Receptors transduce mechanical, chemical or photon energy into GPs then to APs Summary
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