Lecture 1. Theme: Ukraine from the earliest times till the middle of the 17 th century. Lecture 1. Theme: Ukraine from the earliest times till the middle of the 17 th century. Time of the Cossacks-Hetman state. Ukraine under the reign of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires. Plan: Early history Early history Kyivan Rus’ Kyivan Rus’ Period of Lithuanian and Polish rule Period of Lithuanian and Polish rule The Cossacks. The Cossacks. Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule. Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule. Western Ukraine under the Habsburg monarchy. Western Ukraine under the Habsburg monarchy.

Map of Ukraine

Early History 1. Human settlement in the territory of Ukraine dates back to at least 4500 BC 2. There were numerous tribes in Ukraine, some nomadic, some agricultural; most of the time at war with each other 3. The oldest known main inhabitants of Ukraine were Cimmerians 4. Cimmerians were replaced in 5th century BC by Scythians, who ruled till 2nd century BC 5. About 370 AD, the first Asian horde of Huns expelled Goths from Ukraine 6. According to legends, Kyiv was founded in the 5th century by three brothers Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv and their sister Lebid

Kyivan Rus’ In the 9th century, Kiev was conquered by the Varangian noble Oleh who was the ruler of the Rus from 882 to 912 In the 9th century, Kiev was conquered by the Varangian noble Oleh who was the ruler of the Rus from 882 to 9129th centuryVarangian th centuryVarangian Oleh moved the capital of Rus from Novgorod to Kiev and laid the foundation for the powerful state of Kievan Rus Oleh moved the capital of Rus from Novgorod to Kiev and laid the foundation for the powerful state of Kievan RusRusKievKievan Rus KievKievan Rus Prince Ihor followed Oleh ( ) Prince Ihor followed Oleh ( ) After Ihor's death, his wife Olha ruled Kievan Rus as regent (945-c. 963) for their son, Svyatoslav After Ihor's death, his wife Olha ruled Kievan Rus as regent (945-c. 963) for their son, SvyatoslavKievan Rus945963SvyatoslavKievan Rus945963Svyatoslav Olha changed the system of tribute gathering what may be regarded as the first legal reform recorded in Eastern Europe Olha changed the system of tribute gathering what may be regarded as the first legal reform recorded in Eastern Europe Olha was the first Rus ruler to convert to Christianity Olha was the first Rus ruler to convert to ChristianityChristianity

Golden Age of Kyiv Volodymyr the Great ( ) adopted Christianity in 988 Volodymyr the Great ( ) adopted Christianity in 988 Volodymyr fortified Kyiv against Pechenegs Volodymyr fortified Kyiv against Pechenegs Yaroslav the Wise became one of the most powerful rulers in Europe Yaroslav the Wise became one of the most powerful rulers in Europe A church hierarchy was established, headed by the metropolitan of Kyiv A church hierarchy was established, headed by the metropolitan of Kyiv Yaroslav promoted family ties with other kingdoms, built many churches, improved Kyiv's fortifications, introduced laws and established courts Yaroslav promoted family ties with other kingdoms, built many churches, improved Kyiv's fortifications, introduced laws and established courts To celebrate his victory over the Pechenegs he sponsored the construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1037 To celebrate his victory over the Pechenegs he sponsored the construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1037PechenegsSaint Sophia CathedralPechenegsSaint Sophia Cathedral Yaroslav was a notable patron of book culture and learning Yaroslav was a notable patron of book culture and learning

Galicia-Volhynia  Yaroslav divided the country between his sons, who after his death in 1054, started to fight among themselves.This resulted in a number of small principalities which fought each other.  Western parts of Ukraine - Halych (Galicia) and Volynj (Volhynia) - gradually emerged as leading principalities  Prince Danylo founded city Lviv in 1250 as a defense site against Tatars  In 1253 he accepted the royal crown from the pope  In 1349, Polish king Kazimyezh managed to occupy Halych and part of Volynj.  In 1360 the Prince of Kyiv was overthrown. Ukraine was partitioned between Poland and Lithuania

PERIOD OF LITHUANIAN AND POLISH RULE ( ).  In 1413 a decision was made to allow only Catholics to occupy important government positions. Wide-spread discrimination against the Orthodox population followed.  To defend themselves from the Tatars, people constructed forts called "Sitch”  In 1569, with the Union of Lublin, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was made. Most of Ukraine became part of Poland  Peasants lost their land ownership and civil rights and gradually became serfs, exploited as manpower in agriculture and forestry  There was a modest revival of Ukrainian culture later in 16th century. Church schools and seminaries were set up

PERIOD OF LITHUANIAN AND POLISH RULE ( ).  Such a situation was the main cause, which multiplied the influx of people to Cossack territory, increasing the Cossack’s strength.  Over three centuries of Lithuanian and Polish rule, Ukraine by the middle of the 17th century had undergone substantial social evolution  Since the 13th century many Poles, Armenians, Germans, and Jews had settled in the cities and towns, where the Ukrainians were often reduced to a minority Jews  The Union of Brest-Litovsk caused a deep split in the Ruthenian church and society Union of Brest-LitovskUnion of Brest-Litovsk

The Cossacks Originally Cossacks were runaway Ukrainian peasants who escaped Polish and Russian pressure and settled in the southern steppes.PolishRussian Zaporozhian Cossacks played an important role in European geopolitics, undergoing a series of conflicts and alliances with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire.RussiaOttoman Empire

The Cossacks were free farmers, which had own weapon, from childhood learned military affairs and united to the army in case of attack. In Ukraine appeared autonomous Cossack state, which itself elected her leaders – hetman. The Cossacks were united by Zaporizka Sych, which was the social, political, military and administrative organization of the Ukrainian Cossacks, founded in the first part of the XVI century beyond the Dnieper banks in the area of Khortytsya island.

Continuous attacks of enemies forced the Cossacks to build fortification for defense. At first they founded separate towns. Later in connection of intensifying the attacks of masters and Crimean Tatars in Zaporizhye the Cossacks jointed in one Sych. Zaporizhka Sych had a great influence on development of Ukraine and the history course at all. Petro Sagaydachniy, Bogdan Khmelnitskiy, Ivan Mazepa – are the most outstanding hetmen and politicians of that period.

Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule. The Russian empire was one of the biggest in the world. Beside the big measures it noticeably differed from other European countries by its political system. In any country of the continent leaders did not have such unlimited power, which used tsars- emperors. Since XVIII century tsars had absolute power over all nationals in all areas of their life. As for the language and culture the Ukrainians were closely subjected to Russians, the government soon began to consider Ukraine as Russian side.

Concrete and everywhere feature of imperial presence in Ukraine was the army. The Term of service accounted 25 years. Incapacity of Russian government to provide their officials by sufficient fee gave birth to corruption at which it silently closed the eyes Ukrainian lands in the Russian Empire formally lost all traces of their national distinctiveness. The territories were reorganized into regular Russian provinces administered by governors appointed from St. Petersburg.

Equally important developments occurred in the social sphere The Cossacks were equalized with the Russian nobility; many entered imperial service. Through education, intermarriage, and government service, the Ukrainian nobility gradually became Russified. The gradual process of enserfment of the peasantry in the Left Bank culminated in 1783 under Catherine.enserfmentLeft Bank Serfdom remained the dominant lot of the peasantry until the emancipation of 1861

Nevertheless, the reforms stimulated the development of industry Industrial development was especially marked in eastern Ukraine, notably the Donbas, which attracted workers from other parts of the empire. As a result, the emerging working class and the growing urban centres became highly Russified islands in a Ukrainian rural sea. Literature became the primary vehicle for the 19th-century Ukrainian national revival.

The most important writer—and unquestionably the most significant figure in the development of a modern Ukrainian national consciousness—was Taras ShevchenkoShevchenko Born a serf, Shevchenko was bought out of servitude by a group of artists who recognized his talent for painting. Shevchenko's poetry reflected a conception of Ukraine as a free and democratic society that had a profound influence on the development of Ukrainian political thought. Shevchenko's patriotic verse earned him arrest and years of exile in Central Asia.

The revolution that shook the Russian Empire in 1905 spawned worker strikes and peasant unrest in Ukraine as well.revolution The consequent transformation of the tsarist autocracy into a semiconstitutional monarchy led to some easing in Ukrainian national life. In the political arena the introduction of an elected assembly, or Duma, in 1906 initially provided Ukrainians with a new forum to press their national concerns.Duma

Western Ukraine under the Habsburg monarchy. The Habsburgs' annexation of Galicia from Poland in 1772 was followed two years later by their acquisition of Bukovina. Already under Habsburg rule, as part of the Hungarian crown, was a third ethnically Ukrainian region— Transcarpathia. Although, on balance, Habsburg policies favoured the Poles, Ukrainians in Austria enjoyed far greater opportunities for their national development than did Ukrainians in tsarist Russia.

The revolution of 1848 set in motion important transformations in Galician society. The corvée was abolished in Large-scale emigration to the Americas began in the 1880s and continued until World War I. By the outbreak of World War I, Ukrainians in Austrian Galicia were still an agrarian and politically disadvantaged society Nevertheless, they had made impressive educational and cultural advances and achieved a high level of national consciousness, all of which contrasted sharply with the situation prevailing in Russian-ruled Ukraine.

References : 1. Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1988). 1. Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1988).Subtelny 2. Andrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002). 2. Andrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002).Andrew WilsonAndrew Wilson 3. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003). 3. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003). 4. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996). 4. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996). 5. Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9 volumes. 5. Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9 volumes.Mykhailo HrushevskyMykhailo Hrushevsky