Academic workload allocation: equity, accountability, transparency, futility? Janice Malcolm Centre for the Study of Higher Education

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1960s academic work Robbins survey (diary based) 1961: Average direct teaching 7.6 hours per week Average working week 40.5 hours, of which: TeachingResearch‘Private study’ AdminOtherExternal Term- time 33%28%11% 6% Vacation8%45%15%10%15%7% 3

Halsey et al ‘Staff/student ratios in British universities are high and formal obligations light. There is freedom in the sense of personal autonomy of an order to be found rarely, if at all, in other occupational groups. These conditions permit the essential elements of what is considered a ‘gentlemanly’ way of life … Reputation largely, though not wholly, depends on professional standards.’ 4

Teichler CAP survey 2007 average weekly working hours (increases shown in black) AustraliaGermanyJapanUSUK JunSenJunSenJunSenJunSenJunSen

Teichler CAP survey 2007 average % of work time spent on teaching and research (increases shown in black) AustraliaGermanyJapanUSUK JunSenJunSenJunSenJunSenJunSen Teaching Research

Changes in average teaching hours: CAP survey 2007 (increases shown in black) CountryDEUKUSJPKRHKAUSBRZMX

Expansion of HE Tertiary Students Teaching Staff Tertiary Students Teaching staff % Increase Students % Increase Staff UK 1,385,07289,500 2,362, ,93071%45% USA14,360,965826,00017,758,8701,310,45324%59% Aus559,36528,4171,083,71534,41394%21% Japan2,899,143286,1664,032,625515,73239%80% 8

Changing staff-student ratios: :7.2 (source: UGC) :9.4 - Polytechnics 1: /61: /041: /091:16.3 Sources: UGC; Shattock; UCU 9

WAM critiques academic work defined as a problem which needs managing to increase efficiency ; actors transformed into manageable entities that can be transported through space-time (Malcolm and Zukas 2009) The paradox of ‘collegiality’: academic resistance to greater central regulation devolves power and discretion to senior individuals in departments, reinforcing unequal power relations (Hull, 2006) ‘With apparently unconscious irony, many academics reported that they particularly valued the flexibility of their working week, in terms of both time and space … in the same breath as reporting working weeks in the order of 60 hours’ (Anderson, 2006) 10

Working time? Kent: No hours of work; no holidays (but 1650 hours for funding purposes) Leeds: 1650 hours of work; 30 days holiday Oxford: ‘to engage in advanced study or research; to give …not less than 16 lectures or classes a year; and to take part in university examining and graduate supervision as and when requested … it is expected that CUF lecturers will limit their total commitments, and colleges their demands on them, so that time will be available for advanced study or research.’ DIT:‘Teaching up to 560 hours p.a. including supervision … a norm of 16 class contact hours per week’ 11

‘ The Work Allocation Model (WAM) allows staff to concentrate time on their areas of expertise’ (from REF documentation). 12

Further issues … Dearth of research on what everyday academic work actually is (except in labs); labels cover a multitude of different practices and mutual incomprehension Focus on individual as unit of analysis; though research on scientists and other professions points to distributed and collective nature of much knowledge-work Reliance on ‘billable’ and easily-quantifiable ‘outputs’ Obscuring of ‘inputs’ and what falls outside institutional categories (so shift from disciplinary to institutional definitions of valuable work) Failure to account for the transformed practices that comprise academic work 13

Equity Accountability Transparency Futility 14

References Anderson, G. (2006),’Carving out time and space in the managerial university", Journal of Organizational Change Management 19:5 578 – 592 Cummings, W. (2012) ‘The conditions of continuity and the drivers of change’, Paper presented at CAP Conference, Berlin Houston, D. et al (2006) ‘Academic staff workloads and job satisfaction: expectations and values in academe’, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 28:1, Hull, R. (2006) ‘Workload allocation models and “collegiality” in academic departments’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 19:1, Latour, B., & Woolgar, S. (1986). Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (2nd edition) Ewing, NJ: Princeton University Press Malcolm, J. and Zukas, M. (2009) ‘Making a mess of academic work: experience, purpose, identity’, Teaching in Higher Education 14:5, Teichler, U. (2009) The Employment and Work Situation of the Academic Profession: Findings of Comparative Surveys: A Report submitted to the International Labour Office Shattock, M. (2012) Making Policy in British Higher Education , Open University Press Tight, M. (2010) ‘Are academic workloads increasing? The post-war survey evidence in the UK’, Higher Education Quarterly, 64:2,