Individuals – Groups – Institutions SS8H3a Explain the immediate and long-term causes of the American Revolution and their impact on Georgia; include the French and Indian War (Seven Years War), Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, and the Declaration of Independence. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Governance Conflict and Change Rule of Law

CONFLICT & CHANGE The student will understand that when there is conflict between or within societies, change is the result. What are some reasons for wars being fought? What was the French & Indian War and why was it a cause of the American Revolution?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3a ESSENTIAL QUESTION What was the French and Indian War, and how was it a cause of the American Revolution?

Individuals – Groups – Institutions SS8H3a Explain the immediate and long-term causes of the American Revolution and their impact on Georgia; include the French and Indian War (Seven Years War), Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, and the Declaration of Independence. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Governance Conflict and Change Rule of Law

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR 1754-1763 CAUSE ENGLAND AND FRANCE WANTED TO CONTROL THE SAME LAND THAT WAS WEST OF THE APPALACHIAN MTNs AND EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER FRANCE HAD INDIAN ALLIES THAT THEY TRADED WITH ENGLAND HAS COLONISTS WHO WANTED TO SETTLE THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY EFFECT (CHANGE) ENGLISH WON THE WAR COLONIES EXPANDED THEIR BOUNDARIES WESTWARD (GEORGIA BOUNDARY BECAME THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER ENGLAND ACQUIRED FLORIDA FROM SPAIN BRITISH GOV’T BEGAN TAXING THE COLONISTS TO HELP PAY FOR THE WAR – THIS BECAME THE 1ST CAUSE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION CONFLICT and CHANGE

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION What was the SS8H3a ESSENTIAL QUESTION What was the Proclamation of 1763?

PROCLAMATION OF 1763 Source: Georgia in the American Experience Textbook

PROCLAMATION OF 1763 Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians. Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.” The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of the Revolutionary War.

Individuals – Groups – Institutions SS8H3a Explain the immediate and long-term causes of the American Revolution and their impact on Georgia; include the French and Indian War (Seven Years War), Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, and the Declaration of Independence. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Governance Conflict and Change Rule of Law

RULE of LAW The student will understand that in a democracy, rule of law influences the behavior of citizens, establishes procedures for making policies, and limits the power of government. What are some rules in each of your classes? What are some policies in your student agenda? What part of the constitution limits the power of government? What were some laws that the colonists protested?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3a ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the Stamp Act and Intolerable Acts cause the American Revolution?

STAMP ACT - 1765 Definition: First direct British tax on American colonists. Every newspaper, pamphlet, and other public and legal document had to have a Stamp, or British seal, on it. The Stamp, of course, cost money. The colonists didn't think they should have to pay for something they had been doing for free for many years, and they responded in force, with demonstrations and even with a diplomatic body called the Stamp Act Congress, which delivered its answer to the Crown. Seeing the hostile reaction in the colonies, the British government repealed the Stamp Act in March 1766 but at the same time passed the Declaratory Act, which said that Great Britain was superior (and boss of) the American colonies "in all cases whatsoever." The Stamp Act gave the colonists a target for their rage. Indeed, the Sons of Liberty was formed in response to this Act. The Stamp Act Congress also gave the colonists a model for the Continental Congress. - SocialStudiesForKids.com

This cartoon depicts the repeal of the Stamp Act as a funeral, with Grenville carrying a child's coffin marked "born 1765, died 1766". - wikipedia.com

INTOLERABLE ACTS To bring the colonies under control, Britain’s Parliament passed several acts: 1. closing of Boston Harbor until damages from Boston Tea Party were paid for 2. outlawing patriot groups such as the Sons of Liberty; and allowing colonists to assemble for only one town meeting a year. 3. British troops in colonies who committed a crime were tried back in British courts, not colonial courts 4. Quartering Act – house and feed British soldiers

Individuals – Groups – Institutions SS8H3a Explain the immediate and long-term causes of the American Revolution and their impact on Georgia; include the French and Indian War (Seven Years War), Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, and the Declaration of Independence. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Governance Conflict and Change Rule of Law

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3a ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did the Declaration of Independence play in the American Revolution?

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE The Declaration of Independence was a formal document that was written to officially announce the colonies' break from Great Britain.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3b ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton play in the American Revolution?

Button Gwinnett Born: England, about 1735 Died: Savannah, May 19, 1777 Signed Declaration of Independence, governor

Signed the Declaration of Independence, governor, physician Lyman Hall Born: Wallingford, Connecticut, April 12,1724 Burke County, Ga. October 19, 1790 Signed the Declaration of Independence, governor, physician

Signed the Declaration of Independence, U.S. Senator, governor George Walton Born: Farmville, Virginia, about 1749 Died: February 2, 1804, Augusta, Georgia Signed the Declaration of Independence, U.S. Senator, governor

Button Gwinnett, George Walton, and Lyman Hall were the three Georgia signers of the Declaration of Independence.

Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change SS8H3b Analyze the significance of people and events in Georgia on the Revolutionary War; include Loyalists, patriots, Elijah Clarke, Austin Dabney, Nancy Hart, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton, Battle of Kettle Creek, and siege of Savannah. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change

Individuals – Groups - Institutions The student will understand that the actions of Individuals, Groups, and Institutions affect society through intended and unintended consequences. What are some political groups in America? What are some religious groups in the world? What was the difference between the Loyalists and Patriots in Georgia? What roles did Nancy Hart, Austin Dabney, and Elijah Clarke play in the American Revolution?

What’s the difference between a LOYALIST and a PATRIOT? AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3b ESSENTIAL QUESTION What’s the difference between a LOYALIST and a PATRIOT?

American Revolution Groups LOYALISTS Though Georgians opposed British trade regulations, many hesitated to join the revolutionary movement that emerged in the American colonies in the early 1770s and resulted in the Revolutionary War (1775-83). The colony had prospered under royal rule, and many Georgians thought that they needed the protection of British troops against a possible Indian attack. - New Georgia Encyclopedia PATRIOTS Colonists who opposed British rule and wanted to break away and form their own country. These colonists were angered over the many ACTS (rules and taxes) that they were forced to pay, especially since they had no voice in government (Parliament). The slogan “no taxation without representation” was what they rallied behind. The Patriots would eventually fight the British in the American Revolutionary War.

Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change SS8H3b Analyze the significance of people and events in Georgia on the Revolutionary War; include Loyalists, patriots, Elijah Clarke, Austin Dabney, Nancy Hart, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton, Battle of Kettle Creek, and siege of Savannah. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3b ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did Nancy Hart, Austin Dabney, and Elijah Clarke play in the American Revolution?

Revolutionary Heroine Nancy Hart Revolutionary Heroine Georgia's most acclaimed female participant during the Revolutionary War (1775-83) was Nancy Hart. A devout patriot, Hart gained notoriety during the revolution for her determined efforts to rid the area of Tories, English soldiers, and British sympathizers. Her single-handed efforts against Tories and Indians in the Broad River frontier, as well as her covert activities as a patriot spy, have become the stuff of myth, legend, and local folklore. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

BATTLE OF KETTLE CREEK The most important event to occur at Kettle Creek took place on Sunday, February 14, 1779. On that morning 600 American supporters of the British cause, popularly known as Loyalists or Tories, encamped atop a hill in a bend of the creek. Elijah Clarke and other patriot soldiers were able to defeat the loyalists and prevented the British from invading northern Georgia. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

Elijah Clarke Elijah Clarke was a patriot and a hero of the Revolutionary War from Georgia. Clarke County is named for him. On February 14, 1779, Clarke led a charge in the rebel victory at Kettle Creek, Georgia. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

Austin Dabney Austin Dabney was a slave who became a private in the Georgia militia and fought against the British during the Revolutionary War (1775-83). He was the only African American to be granted land by the state of Georgia in recognition of his bravery and service during the Revolution and one of the few to receive a federal military pension. Born in Wake County, North Carolina, in the 1760s, Austin Dabney moved with his master, Richard Aycock, to Wilkes County, Georgia, in the late 1770s. In order to avoid military service himself, Aycock sent Dabney to join the Georgia militia as a substitute. Serving as an artilleryman under Elijah Clarke, Dabney is believed to have been the only black soldier to participate in the Battle of Kettle Creek, one of the most significant battles in Georgia, which took place near Washington on February 14, 1779. He was severely wounded in the thigh during the fighting, and Giles Harris, a white soldier, took Dabney to his home to care for the wound. Dabney remembered Harris's kindness and worked for the Harris family for the rest of his life. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change SS8H3b Analyze the significance of people and events in Georgia on the Revolutionary War; include Loyalists, patriots, Elijah Clarke, Austin Dabney, Nancy Hart, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton, Battle of Kettle Creek, and siege of Savannah. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3b ESSENTIAL QUESTION What is significant about the siege of Savannah during the Revolutionary War?

Siege of Savannah This drawing by a British officer details the failed attempt by American and French forces to recapture Savannah from British troops on October 9, 1779.

Siege of Savannah Governor Sir James Wright returned to Georgia on July 14, 1779, and announced the restoration of Georgia to the crown, with the privilege of exemption from taxation. Thus Georgia became the first, and ultimately the only one, of the thirteen states in rebellion to be restored to royal allegiance. On September 3, 1779, a French fleet of twenty-five ships appeared unexpectedly off the Georgia coast. Count Charles Henri d'Estaing intended to oblige George Washington by stopping off on his way back to France to recapture Savannah. He disembarked his army of 4,000-5,000 men on the Vernon River and proceeded to besiege Savannah. Major General Benjamin Lincoln hurried over from South Carolina with his army of patriots to join in the siege. On October 9, 1779, the allies launched a grand assault upon the British lines and suffered 752 casualties, while the British defenders lost only 18 killed and 39 wounded. Count Casimir Pulaski, a Polish nobleman who had volunteered to fight for the cause of liberty, died. The battered French army withdrew to its ships, and Benjamin Lincoln's troops returned to Charleston.

So, what is significant about the siege of Savannah? In 1779, Patriot forces with the help of the French navy tried to regain control of Savannah, but were badly defeated by the British army. The British controlled the colony of Georgia until 1783 when the Treaty of Paris was signed – when Britain officially gave up the fight to keep control of the colonies – ending the Revolutionary War.

Individuals – Groups – Institutions SS8H3a Explain the immediate and long-term causes of the American Revolution and their impact on Georgia; include the French and Indian War (Seven Years War), Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, and the Declaration of Independence. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Governance Conflict and Change Rule of Law

Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change SS8H3b Analyze the significance of people and events in Georgia on the Revolutionary War; include Loyalists, patriots, Elijah Clarke, Austin Dabney, Nancy Hart, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton, Battle of Kettle Creek, and siege of Savannah. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change

Distribution of Power The student will understand that distribution of power in government is a product of existing documents and laws combined with contemporary values and beliefs. What are some documents that contain US laws? Which branch of government is responsible for making laws? What values and beliefs did the colonists have that made them upset with the existing laws of Great Britain?