Synthesis: Three Decades of Research on Socioeconomic Effects Related to Offshore Petroleum Development in Alaska Editors: Stephen R. Braund &Dr. John A. Kruse Funded by Minerals Management Service

2 MMS Socioeconomic Research in AK Between 1975 & 2004, the MMS through its Environmental Studies Program (ESA) in Alaska funded: –167 Technical, and –9 Special social & economic reports Represents $24 million of social science research Many are lengthy (e.g., measure over 16 lineal feet of bookshelf) MMS funded a synthesis of its Alaska OCS s/e studies into a single volume book

3 Single Volume Book This book reviews & synthesizes three decades of social research in Alaska ( ) 11 integrated chapters by independent authors Challenge: authors: review offshore s/e effects versus synthesize 176 Technical Reports Reviewed, sorted by topic, assigned to authors TRs per author

4 MMS Acknowledge MMS staff –Michael Baffrey; Tim Holder; Dr. Cleveland Cowles; Dr. Ed Glacier, and Dr. Dee Williams Dee Williams provide Preface

5 Chapter 1: Introduction ( Braund & Kruse ) Describes the MMS ESP & the purpose of the research (offshore leasing/EIS) Places the MMS social science research in context w/ other research in Alaska Between , less than 5 professional, social science papers were published per year MMS Alaska s/e reports: 6 per year for 30 years One of the largest contributors to the body of social science research in the state Largely unknown body of research (gray literature)

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7 Chapter 2: Brief Economic History of Alaska Stephen Haycox, History Dept., UAA Describes Alaska’s economic character & history Reviews the history of oil & gas exploration & development in Alaska Provides context for examining the s/e influence of oil in later chapters

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10 Chapter 3: Petroleum and the Alaska Economy Scott Goldsmith, Jack Kruse, Eric Larsen, ISER, UAA Chapter focuses on statewide, economic effects of oil & gas development –State Revenues –Employment flows in and out of Alaska Most of effects have been from onshore development

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12 Chapter 4: Community Effects of OCS Development Lee Huskey, Bus & Public Policy, UAA Community level economic processes related to the oil industry Focuses on employment, income & population effects of oil development on the Alaskan coastal communities & regions Author noted special circumstances in Alaska communities that complicate OCS impact assessment: –small, coastal communities with sociocultural & economic uniqueness –communities are predominantly Alaska Native –lack of infrastructure –undeveloped market economies –subsistence reliance

13 Chapter 5: Sociocultutral Research Stephen Braund & Lisa Moorehead, SRB&A Synthesis of MMS SESP Sociocultural Studies Focused on coastal communities Geographically comprehensive Research designs were informed by –a consideration of the likely forms of OCS development in each region & –the components of society that may be affected by OCS development

14 Chapter 5: Sociocultutral Research Braund & Moorehead Grouped the studies by Study Type (broad & varied) –Sociocultural Systems Baseline Studies –Combined S/C Baseline & Impact Studies –Subsistence-based Economies –Social Indicators –Harvest Disruption Effects Analyses –Institutional Monitoring –Subsistence Harvest Studies Importance of natural resource harvesting and associated cultural activities – links to OCS development

communities; 12 regions; 62 sociocultural studies

16 Table 5.1: Sociocultural ESP Technical Reports by Community and ANCSA Regional Corporation Boundary Community Technical Report NumberNo. Reports Arctic Slope Regional Corporation 27 Anaktuvuk Pass9, 142, 151, 153, 1545 Atqasuk101, 141, 1423 Barrow 9, 5, 15, 22, 64, 85, 101, 116, 117, 125, 126, 133, 135, 141, 142, 149, 151, 153, Deadhorse41 Kaktovik 9, 5, 15, 22, 85, 117, 126, 142, 151, 153, 154, Nuiqsut22, 64, 85, 96, 126, 142, 151, 153, 154, Point Hope9, 15, 101, 141, 151, 153, 1547 Point Lay101, 116, 139, 140, 1415 Prudhoe Bay41 Wainwright 9, 22, 91, 101, 117, 126, 136, 141, 147, 151, 153,

17 Chapter 6: An Overview of Subsistence in Alaska Robert J. Wolfe, RJWA Reviews SESP TR & other subsistence research Defines subsistence Describes the importance of subsistence in rural areas of Alaska Frames central subsistence questions & OCS: –What are the potential or actual effects of OCS activities on the production & distribution of wild foods for local use? –How can potential or actual negative effects be avoided, mitigated, or compensated?

18 Chap 6: Overview of Subsistence in AK Wolfe Chapter Sections: –Regional baseline studies –Subsistence & economic development –Social Organization of Subsistence Production and Distribution –Customary Use Areas and Common Property Systems –Wild Food Production, Distribution, and Use

19 Chapter 7: Subsistence Harvest Patterns and Oil Development on Alaska’s North Slope Sverre Pedersen (ADFG), Jack Kruse (UAA) & Stephen Braund Traditional Subsistence Activities North Slope Petroleum Development Inupiat Subsistence During NS Oil Development

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22 Chapter 7: Subsistence Harvest Patterns and Oil Development on Alaska’s North Slope Pedersen, Kruse & Braund Positive & Negative Impacts of Petroleum Development on Subsistence Activities –Mortality of Fish & Wildlife –Vulnerable Habitats –Dislocation of Fish & Wildlife –Physical Disruption of Access –Regulatory Disruption of Access –Competition for Fish & Wildlife –Increased Funding, Employment, Training & Logistic Support

23 Chapter 8: Long-Term Consequences of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill for Subsistence Uses of Fish & Wildlife Jim Fall, ADF&G Reviews MMS & other studies of the long-term consequences of the EVOS on subsistence uses Focuses on key aspects of subsistence activities (e.g., harvest and use levels, harvest areas, sharing, and traditional knowledge) Describes changes caused by the spill that had implications for the long-term viability of a subsistence–based way of life

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25 Chapter 9: Community Impacts of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill J. Steven Picou, Cecelia Formichella, Brent K. Marshall & Cataline Arata (U of So Alabama; U of Central Florida) Addresses community & individual impacts of the EVOS Considers issues that have been minimally addressed by research on spill-related community impacts: –community “recovery" and “litigation” Presents data on community impacts of the EVOS over a nine-year period

26 Chapter 10: Further Reflections – Three Essays Rosita Worl: Reflections on Social Science Research Related to OCS Development Joseph G. Jorgensen: Reflections on the Social Indicators Monitoring Studies John Petterson: Reflections on the Alaska Offshore Studies Paradigm

27 Chapter 11: Summary and Conclusions – Toward Future Social and Economic Research MMS Alaska OCS ESP –Broad program –Geographically representative –Reflected unique aspects of AK human system –Produced a baseline upon which impacts could be measured –Responsive to research findings –Contributed to the understanding the causal links between OCS development & community impacts

28 Chapter 11: Summary and Conclusions – Toward Future Social and Economic Research Ongoing projects: –Assess potential impacts of offshore activities on bowhead whale activities as perceived by North Slope residents Linkage between bowhead whaling and OCS activities –Subsistence mapping – Barrow, Nuiqsut & Kaktovik –Subsistence Cross Island Suggestions for Future Social Research –Holistic approach that considers offshore & onshore oil development

29 Appendix Report No. MMS No.YearTitle, Author TR146MMS Economic Impacts of the S.S. Glacier Bay Oil Spill. Burden, P. (P.I.), J. Isaacs, J. Richardson, S. Braund, E. Witten and L. Moorehead, Northern Economics with Jon Isaacs and Associates, Resourcecon and Stephen R. Braund & Associates. Contract No (Pb /AS). TR147MMS North Slope Subsistence Study Wainwright, Braund, S.R., E. Loring, L. Moorehead, D.C. Burnham, J.A. Kruse, S. Stoker, M. Glen, E. Witten and T.P. Holmes, Stephen R. Braund & Associates with Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska. Contract No TR148, v.IMMS Hope Basin Socioeconomic Baseline Study Volume I. Kevin Waring Associates with E. Burch, Jr., E. Busch, R. Gal, L. Gorsuch, T. Hull, S. McNabb, P. Ongtooguk and L. Rinaldi (J. Brogan, Ed.). Contract No / TR148, v.IIMMS Hope Basin Socioeconomic Baseline Study Volume II. Kevin Waring Associates with E. Burch, Jr., E. Busch, R. Gal, L. Gorsuch, T. Hull, S. McNabb, P. Ongtooguk and L. Rinaldi (J. Brogan, Ed.). Contract No / TR148, v.III MMS Hope Basin Socioeconomic Baseline Study Volume III. Kevin Waring Associates with McNabb, S., R. Craig, B. Jennings and B. Armstrong. Contract No / TR149MMS North Slope Subsistence Study Barrow, 1987, 1988 and Braund, S.R., K. Brewster, L. Moorehead, T.P. Holmes, J.A. Kruse, S. Stoker, M. Glen, E. Witten, D.C. Burnham and W.E. Simeone, Stephen R. Braund & Associates with Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska. Contract No TR150MMS Bristol Bay Subsistence Harvest and Sociocultural Systems Inventory. Endter-Wada, J., L.A. Robbins, D.W. Levine, D.L. Boxberger, P.D. Nohalty, J.G. Jorgensen, and S.L. McNabb, Social Science Research Associates. Contract No

30 DVD DVD Included –All 176 MMS technical and special reports will be included on a DVD in searchable.pdf format Manuscript currently at UAF Press for review