Barcodes And Radio Frequency Identification

Presented by- 1. Simone Mehta Trushank Dand Faiz Waghoo Shaila Addagatla Dhanashree Bole Ashwini Chougule08-117

What Is Barcode ?  A barcode is a way to display information in a way that machines, rather than humans, can easily read.  Barcodes must always start and end with a special character, called a Start Code and a Stop Code respectively.  Originally, barcodes represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines, such as in Linear or 1D. Later they evolved into rectangles, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns in 2 dimensions (2D).

Modern Applications And Uses Of Barcodes  Almost every item from a grocery store, department store, and mass merchandiser has a UPC (ie Universal Product Code) barcode on it.  Retail chain membership cards use bar codes to uniquely identify a consumer. Such customers can be provided with product discounts or special marketing offers.  When used on patient identification, barcodes permit clinical staff to instantly access patient data, including medical history, drug allergies, etc.  The tracking of item movement - including rental cars, airline luggage, nuclear waste, mail, express mail and parcels.

TYPES OF BARCODES Linear Barcode  Composed of bars and spaces all in a single line.  Cannot hold a lot of data- typically not more than 9 data characters for every inch of horizontal barcode space.  Further categorized as discrete and continuous barcodes

TYPES OF BARCODES Matrix (2D) Barcode  They pack a lot of data into a small space  Extremely useful for marking small parts, products and packages  There are two types of 2D bar codes currently in use: stacked codes and matrix codes.

TYPES OF BARCODES Post Office Barcodes  Each individual digit is represented by a set of five bars, two of which are full bars.  The full bars represent "on" bits in a pseudo-binary code. Examples: 1. Four State – used in UK and some other countries 2. PostNet + Zip – used in USA; includes FIM code

TYPES OF BARCODES Other types of barcodes include:  Publishing barcode  Pharmaceutical barcode  Proprietary retail barcode These are used for quality control and product identification

Which is the best barcode for use? The type of barcode to use for a particular situation depends upon:  The implementation  The data-to-encode in the  How the barcode will be printed Symbologies: Different types of barcode standards for different purposes are called symbologies.

Barcode Standards

Most Efficient Symbology  There are many situations when the space a barcode occupies is a concern.  Lets see a few symbologies and understand which one is the most efficient.

Few symbologies: Code 39: Code 128: PDF417 (mode = TEXT): Data Matrix (mode = C40): In the examples above, the Data Matrix is the most compact symbology for the area.

Barcode Accuracy and Misreads  A study at Ohio University stated that a well-trained data entry operator will usually make a data entry error once every 300 keystrokes.  A Barcode symbology needs perform a lot better than that to be prefered over a data entry operator.  To reduce the amount of misreads it is important to test scan the barcodes or to verify the barcode with a Bar Code Verifier.

Accuracy Figures

Barcode Examples  Industrial Barcode:  Libraries, Blood Banks, Air Bills:  Postal Barcodes:

2D Barcode  PDF417  Data Matrix

BARCODE USES Retail Barcodes  There are four barcode types commonly to identify retail items.  UPC A and UPC E are mostly used in North America, but are also found throughout the world.  Similarly, EAN 13 and EAN 8 are more popular in the rest of the world, but are also found in North America.  In Japan, EAN 13 and EAN 8 are known as JAN 13 and JAN 8.  Current developments?

BARCODE USES Packaging Barcodes  Packaging barcodes are those usually used on the shipping cartons that contain many items.  The shipping barcodes are used for to give information about the contents.  ITF barcodes (known as UPC Shipping in North America) identify identify the product in the box.  EAN 128 barcodes are capable of supplying much more detail about the product, including dates, batch numbers, weight, quantity and dimensions.  Current developments?

BARCODE USES Publishing Barcodes  Books require a variation of EAN 13 or UPC A barcode which encodes the ISBN number, plus optional pricing information.  Newspapers and Magazines require a variation of EAN 13 which encodes the ISSN number as well as the issue number and optional pricing information.  Current developments?

BARCODE USES Pharmaceutical Barcodes  The Pharma Code is used for quality control and product identification for most pharmaceutical products.  Often one or more of the bars have different colour.  HIBC barcodes are commonly used in North America to hold production details, though these are variations of Code 39, Code 128 and EAN 128 barcode types.  Other variations of established barcode symbologies are also used in specific European countries, including PZN (Germany), IMH (Italy), MSI (Belgium) and IKS (Switzerland).  Current developments?

BARCODE USES Barcodes for non-retail labels  There are many different symbologies used for representing alphanumeric codes. Among the most popular are:  Code 25 (also known as Interleaved 2 of 5) used for digits only  Code 39 used for digits, letters and a subset of other characters  Codabar used for digits plus a few other characters  Code 128 used for the full ASCII character set  Code 93 used for the full ASCII character set  Telepen used for the full ASCII character set  Current developments?

Benefits of Barcodes  Fast and Reliable data collection  Reduced Cost  Improved Management  Better Decision Making  Quality Control  Work In Progress

What is RFID?? RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION  Wireless information transfer via radio waves  Reads are performed in milliseconds  No line of sight required and no physical contact  uses a semiconductor (micro-chip) in a tag or label to transmit stored data when the tag or label is exposed to radio waves of the correct frequency.  It works better than Barcodes o the RFID device does not need to be positioned precisely relative to the scanner.

WORKING OF RFID A Radio-Frequency Identification system has three parts:  A scanning antenna  A transceiver with a decoder to interpret the data  A transponder - the RFID tag - that has been programmed with information.

WORKING OF RFID The scanning antenna puts out radio-frequency signals in a relatively short range. The RF radiation does two things:  It provides a means of communicating with the transponder (the RFID tag)  It provides the RFID tag with the energy to communicate (in the case of passive RFID tags).  When an RFID tag passes through the field of the scanning antenna, it detects the activation signal from the antenna. That "wakes up" the RFID chip, and it transmits the information on its microchip to be picked up by the scanning antenna.

WORKING OF RFID

RFID tag may be of one of two types. Active RFID tags : have their own power source can communicate with the readers100 meters or more away they have limited life spans Passive RFID tags do not require batteries can be much smaller and have a virtually unlimited life span. Also known as "Class 0" tags

Comparison between RFID Tags ACTIVE TAGS Preferred when a collection of tags needs to be simultaneously read Communications can be initiated by either the tag or the reader. Adds functionality Expensive PASSIVE TAGS Not preferred when a collection of tags needs to be simultaneously read The reader "talks" first; the RFID tag is essentially a server. Do not adds functionality Not expensive

USES OF RFID  Hospital in-patients  Blood  RFID for Libraries  Air passengers  Animal tracking tags  to identify trees or wooden items  Credit-card shaped for use in access applications

Benefits Of RFID  Reduce warehouse and distribution labor costs: This can reduce the high labor costs and service fees of regular stock management and store shelf inventory  Reduce point-of-sale labor costs: checkout can be completed with a quick scan of all items in cart helping to reduce point- of-sale labor costs  Reduce inventory: inventory errors can be reduced

Benefits Of RFID  Improve forecasting and planning: better track where inventory is and what is happening  Efficiency:tags can easily track moving objects  Reduce theft: products can be tracked through the supply chain to pinpoint where a product is.  Reduce out-of stock conditions

Benefits Of RFID  Less Vulnerable to Damage: can be within an object or embedded in plastic, enabling to use in areas of high temperature or moisture, or with exposure to chemicals or the outdoors.  Improve customer experience: items in a cart can be tracked

Benefits Of RFID Other Benefits: -  Greater supply chain visibility  increasing transportation and shipment times through the use of vehicle scanning; tracking product paths in the event of a product recall  allowing inventory of products located in areas that are dangerous or physically difficult to reach  monitoring the safety of non-perishable items in order to prevent spoiled items being sold

TECHNICAL PROBLEMS WITH RFID:  Problems with RFID Standards: no global standards. Consumers may also have problems with RFID standards  RFID systems can be easily disrupted: use of the electromagnetic spectrum (like Wi-Fi networks or cell phones)  RFID Reader Collision: tag is unable to respond to simultaneous queries

TECHNICAL PROBLEMS WITH RFID:  Tag Interference Vulnerability: two tags close together can interfere with the signal disabling the read capability of the scanner.  RFID Tag Collision: many tags are present in a small area. Readers can become confused when too many signals are received at the same time. System providers have developed complex algorithms to minimize this problem but the vulnerability remains.

PROBLEMS WITH RFID Security, privacy and ethics problems-  The contents of an RFID tag can be read after the item leaves the supply chain  RFID tags are difficult to remove  RFID tags can be read without your knowledge  RFID tags can be read from greater distances with high-gain antenna  RFID tags with unique serial numbers could be linked to an individual credit card number

RFID Vs Barcode PARAMETER RFIDBARCODE Line of SiteNot required (in most cases) Required Read Range-Passive UHF RFID: Up to 40 feet (fixed readers) Up to 20 feet (handheld readers) -Active RFID: Up to 100's of feet or more Several inches up to several feet Read Rate10's, 100's or 1000's simultaneously Only one at a time

RFID Vs Barcode PARAMETER RFIDBARCODE IdentificationCan uniquely identify each item/asset tagged. Most barcodes only identify the type of item (UPC Code) but not uniquely. Read/WriteMany RFID tags are Read/Write Read only TechnologyRF (Radio Frequency)Optical (Laser)

RFID Vs Barcode PARAMETER RFIDBARCODE InterferenceLike the TSA (Transportation Security Administration), some RFID frequencies don't like Metal and Liquids. They can interfere with some RF Frequencies Obstructed barcodes cannot be read (dirt covering barcode, torn barcode, etc.) AutomationMost "fixed" readers don't require human involement to collect data (automated) Image

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