|| The Economist, March Group Gamma David Dürrenmatt, Inna Höhener, Michael Knuchel, Josiane Imhof, Christian Tschumi 25th Mar 15Group Gamma1 Global Positioning: Accuracy is Addictive

||  Celestial guidance  Landmarks  Dead reckoning  Map Before GPS Source: Wikipedia 25th Mar 15Group Gamma2

|| Today A short history of GPS Launch of Sputnik Development of Transit Combination of best features End of accuracy restrictions Source: Source: Wikipedia 32 artificial satellites orbiting above earth 25th Mar 15Group Gamma3

|| How it works 25th Mar 15Group Gamma4 Source: Garmin Corporation: Magellan Pinpoint location SPACE SEGMENT USER SEGMENT CONTROL SEGMENT HAND-HELD RECEIVER

|| Science or technology? Sputnik Accuracy 25m, 15mins to get fix, no continuous location Science AND technology: Process of technical evolution Quantum mechanics (Caesium clock) Theories of special and general relativity Pseudo-random code to prevent jamming Many applications in military and civil industry TransitGPS Competing Efforts Nature of ionosphere? Earth’s gravity field? Consolidation, lead by Pentagon, Significant investment by US military 25th Mar 15Group Gamma5 Doppler shifts

|| Bacon’s linear model…? Not really 25th Mar 15Group Gamma6 Basic Research Applied Research TechnologyDiffusionInnovationInvention Integrative model: Science and technology highly dependant

|| “The better it gets, the more uses people find for it” Self-perpetuating innovation - GPS today Military applications  Navigation  Target tracking  Search and rescue  Nuclear detonation detection Civilian applications  Automated vehicles  Clock synchronization  Fleet tracking  Aircraft tracking  Robotics 25th Mar 15Group Gamma7

||  Integration of scientific knowledge into technological project  Important role of funding source (Pentagon)  Possibilities of / applications for GPS technology still growing today Take home messages 25th Mar 15Group Gamma8 Source: Navipedia