AUDIOGRAM AND IMMITTANCE TUTORIAL Presented by: Candice “Evie” Ortiz, AuD AUDIOGRAM AND IMMITTANCE TUTORIAL
Conduction of Stimuli Air Conduction Bone Conduction Signals are delivered through the outer, middle and inner ears Further processing in the CANS Bone Conduction Signal delivered to the mastoid bone Bypasses the conductive mechanism Stimulates both cochlea simultaneously
Masking Used to obtain accurate thresholds when cross-hearing is likely Asymmetrical hearing losses of ≥ 40dB or ≥60dB Dependent on transducers Gaps of ≥ 15dB during BC Non-test ear is kept “busy” by the introduction of a masking noise
Basics of the Audiogram
Classification of Hearing Loss Normal: -10 to 25 dB Mild: 26 to 40 dB Moderate: 41 to 55 dB Moderately-Severe: 56 to 70 dB Severe: 71 to 90 dB Profound: > 90 dB Picture Adapted from: Bess, F.H., Humes, L.E., Audiology: The fundamentals, 2003.
Common Audiometric Configurations Stop here
Type of Hearing Loss Sensorineural (SNHL) Conductive (CHL) No air-bone gaps ≥15 dB gap between AC and BC thresholds Conductive (CHL) ≥15dB air-bone gap Consistent with middle ear pathology Maximum conductive component is 60dB
Describing a Hearing Loss Degree, Configuration, Location, Type Examples Mild to severe sloping SNHL No location implies that loss affects all frequecies Severe high frequency SNHL Moderate to mild rising low frequency CHL
Describing Hearing Loss Examples
Essentially Mild Profound
Normal
Normal Mild to Moderate
Describing Hearing Loss Time for Practice Turn to Handouts
What Does It Mean for Speech?
Familiar Sounds Audiogram
Not Audible
SAT, SRT, and WRS Speech Testing
Speech Audiometry Speech Recognition Threshold (SRT) Adults Speech Awareness Threshold (SAT) Infants and Non-Verbal patients Useful in determining test reliability Malingering Does not understand task
Reliability Determination Examples
Good SRT-PTA agreement
Good SRT-PTA agreement Poor SRT-PTA agreement
Clinical Application of Word Recognition Tests Determine site of lesion PB Rollover Surgery candidacy Hearing aid candidacy If poor WRS, may not be a good candidate
Word Recognition Consideration Examples
Dx: Otosclerosis Tx: Stapedectomy Q: Which side?
+ Rollover - Rollover
May not be a good hearing aid candidate Very Poor WRS May not be a good hearing aid candidate Consider CROS style or additional testing
Tympanometry
Tympanometry Graphic representation of ear compliance in relation to static pressure changes
Normative Tympanometry Values Children Ages 3-5 years Adults Ear Canal Volume (cm3) Compliance (ml) Mean 0.5 0.7 90% range 0.4 to 1.0 0.2 to 0.9 Ear Canal Volume (cm3) Compliance (ml) Mean 1.1 0.8 90% range 0.6 to 1.5 0.3 to 1.4 Peak Pressure is typically WNL in the range of -150 to +25 daPA Compliance refers to mobility of tympanic membrane Margolis and Heller (1987)
Tympanometric Configurations: Middle Ear Pathology Examples
Tympanometric Configurations: Middle Ear Pathology Type A Type As Normal or Hypomobility Otosclerosis
Tympanometric Configurations: Middle Ear Pathology Negative pressure Eustachian Tube dysfunction Developing otitis media TM retraction Type C
Tympanometric Configurations: Middle Ear Pathology Hypermobile Aging Atrophic scars Healed perforation Ossicular discontinuity Type Ad
Tympanometric Configurations: Middle Ear Pathology Flat Perforated TM Patent PE tube ECV = 7.0 Type B
Tympanometric Configurations: Middle Ear Pathology Flat Middle ear fluid Serous Otitis Blocked PE tube ECV = 1.0 Type B
Tympanometric Configurations: Middle Ear Pathology Flat Impacted cerumen ECV = 0.2 Type B
Tympanometric Configurations: Middle Ear Pathology Middle ear fluid Type B? Type As?
ART and AR Decay Acoustic Reflexes
Acoustic Reflexes Acoustic reflex threshold (ART): Lowest level at which an AR can be obtained Most sensitive to middle ear pathology Normative Values Present for SNHL up to 50 dB WNL from 70 to 100 dB Elevated responses (≥100 dB) for thresholds < 50 dB
Stapedial Reflex Arc Presentation of an intense sound elicits a contraction of the stapedius muscle Changes the ear’s immittance
“Probe Right” Acoustic Reflexes Stimulus (contra) Stimulus (ipsi)
Common Acoustic Reflex Patterns Examples
ART Patterns: Unilateral CHL CHL, AD WNL, AS
ART Patterns: VIII CN or CPA outside of brainstem Mild high frequency SNHL, AD WNL, AS
ART Patterns: Lesions within brainstem which involve reflex pathways Mild high frequency SNHL, AU
ART Patterns: Facial Nerve Lesion WNL, AU Absent probe right Lesion proximal to stapedius nerve Verticle segment of facial nerve
ART Patterns: Cochlear Impairment
Acoustic Reflex Decay Retrocochlear Test Measure of ability to maintain reflex contraction during a continuous stimulation Positive Result Response decays to ≥ ½ its original magnitude
Techniques, Age-Appropriate Results, Management Pediatric Audiometry
Testing Techniques: Newborns and Infants Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) Measures pre-neural signals produced by outer hair cells Objective measure Quick and easy Non-invasive Sensitive to: Presence of hearing loss Problems affecting integrity of cochlea Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) If baby does not pass OAE
Testing Techniques: Behavioral Observation Audiometry (BOA) 3 months through 6 months Parents hold infant Observe natural response to sounds e.g., eye widening or eye shifts No reinforcement needed
(Developmental) Age Appropriate Response Levels As age increases, responses to softer sounds increase Generally more responsive to speech than tones and narrow band noise Tones (dB) Speech (dB) 0 to 6 wks 75 50 6 wks to 4 mos 70 45 4 to 7 mos 20 7 to 9 mos 15 9 to 13 mos 35 10
Testing Techniques: Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA) Age: 6 mos – 3 yrs (developmental) Teach a child to turn their heads in response to sound, by reinforcing the act with visual stimuli Requires head control and good vision Can be performed with all transducers
Testing Techniques: Visual Reinforcement Audiometry Patient on lap Focus held ahead by a distracting assistant When sound is heard, child turns toward speaker Action rewarded by an animated, visual reinforcer
VRA Video VRA In Action
Testing Techniques: Conditioned Play Audiometry Age: 3 – 4 yrs Child reacts in “game” fashion when a sound is heard Requires active listening
Longitudinal Case Study
Case Study Child diagnosed with Trisomy 21 Failed Newborn Infant Hearing Screen No show at 1 month ABR appointment
Hearing Loss?? Audiogram: 3 Months Old Impacted cerumen removed prior Tymps were WNL Tolerated headphones but not BC Hearing Loss??
Age Appropriate Response Levels Probably not Monitor closely due to risk factors Every 3 months ME pathologies Impacted cerumen due to ear canal size Tones (dB) Speech (dB) 0 to 6 wks 75 50 6 wks to 4 mos 70 45 4 to 7 mos 20 7 to 9 mos 15 9 to 13 mos 35 10
Audiogram: 10 Months Old But now we have BC information. Developmental Age: 6 mos More difficult to test More active Won’t tolerate headphones Responding with eye shifts only But now we have BC information. Use of hand-held bone oscillator Moderate Conductive loss At age 10 months, immittance is more reliable. Flat tymps AU Cerumen cleared prior Probably MEE AU
Audiogram: 18 Months Old Will not tolerate headphones Still not tolerating headphones. But now localizing, so VRA is appropriate. Still showing a conductive loss, but now mild. Immittance – ET dysfunction rather than MEE.
Audiogram: 6 Years Old Play is usually used at 3-4 yr of age Cerumenectomy 1 wk prior Every 6 months, prior to audio evaluation. Necessary maintenance for managing his chronic ME pathology. And for maintaining good hearing. Notice that SRT is still lower than pure tone average. A function of developmental level and interest level. “Minimal Response Levels” for tones – true thresholds probably 10-15 dB better.
Audiogram: 9 Years Old SRTs match PT levels. PT levels are probably true threshold levels now. Cerumenectomy prior to test today (every 6 mo). Normal tymps at last. Making progress w/ speech and language
Audiogram: 10 Years Old No cerumenectomy prior Impaction AD Unable to rule out ME pathology
Pediatric Goals Verify and/or enable access to speech sounds in order to promote speech and language development