Day Shkiah: Netz Hachamah: Alot Hashachar: Tzeit Hakochovim:

Night Morning Twilight Evening Twilight Sunrise Horizon

Alot Hashachar: - Dawn The time that marks the beginning of the twilight before sunrise. It is recognized by the presence of weak sunlight, while the sun itself is still below the horizon. Dawn should not be confused with sunrise, which is the moment when the leading edge of the sun itself appears above the horizon.

Netz Hachamah: - Sunrise The instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears above the horizon in the east.

Shkiah: - Sunset The daily disappearance of the sun below the horizon as a result of the Earth's rotation.

Dusk The beginning of darkness in the evening, and occurs after twilight.

Tzeit Hakochovim: The time when three stars are visible in the sky and nightfall is complete.

Day Sha’ah Zemanit – Jewish hour Sunrise until Sunset 12 Proportional hour, i.e. an hour according to halachah. Total daylight hours divided by 12. Sha’ah Zemanit – Jewish hour Sunrise until Sunset 12

October, 4 2010 – Philadelphia Netz Hachama – Sunrise: 7:00 AM Example: October, 4 2010 – Philadelphia Netz Hachama – Sunrise: 7:00 AM Shkiah – Sunset: 6:36 PM 11 hours and 36 minutes Length of the day for October, 4 2010 in Philadelphia 11 x 60 = 660 minutes 660 minutes + 36 minutes 696 minutes  11 hours and 36 minutes

One Jewish hour on October 4, 2010 in Philadelphia is 58 minutes. 12 696 60 - ------ 96 - ----- 96 One Jewish hour on October 4, 2010 in Philadelphia is 58 minutes.

Day 58 minutes = 1 Jewish hour Sunrise Sunset 7:00 am 7:58 am 8:56 am 12:48 pm 1:46 pm 2:44 pm 3:42 pm 4:40 pm 5:38 pm 6:36 pm 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5 hr 6 hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr 10 hr 11 hr 12 hr

Other important times: Chatzot: Midday; the halfway point between sunrise and sunset. Minchah Gedolah: Half a shaah zmanit after chatzot. Minchah Ketanah: Nine and a half shaot zmaniot after sunrise. Plag Haminchah: Ten and three quarters shaot zmaniyot after sunrise.

Chatzot: Midday; the halfway point between sunrise and sunset. To calculate: 6 x Jewish hour Example: 6 x 58 minutes = 348 minutes 348/60 = 5 remainder 48 Chatzot is 5 hours and 48 minutes after sunrise 7:00 am + 5 hours 48 minutes = 12:48 pm Chatzot Sunrise Sunset 7:00 am 7:58 am 8:56 am 9:54 am 10:52 am 11:50 am 12:48 pm 1:46 pm 2:44 pm 3:42 pm 4:40 pm 5:38 pm 6:36 pm 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5 hr 6 hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr 10 hr 11 hr 12 hr 12:48 pm 6 hr

Minchah Gedolah: Half a shaah zmanit after chatzot. To calculate: 6.5 x Jewish hour Example: 6.5 x 58 minutes = 377 minutes 377/60 = 6 remainder 17 Minchah Gedolah is 6 hours and 17 minutes after sunrise 7:00 am + 6 hours 17 minutes = 1:17 pm Minchah Gedolah Sunrise Sunset 7:00 am 7:58 am 8:56 am 9:54 am 10:52 am 11:50 am 12:48 pm 1:46 pm 2:44 pm 3:42 pm 4:40 pm 5:38 pm 6:36 pm 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5 hr 6 hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr 10 hr 11 hr 12 hr

Minchah Ketanah: Nine and a half shaot zmaniot after sunrise. To calculate: 9.5 x Jewish hour Example: 9.5 x 58 minutes = 551 minutes 551/60 = 9 remainder 11 Minchah Ketanah is 9 hours and 11 minutes after sunrise 7:00 am + 9 hours 11 minutes = 4:11 pm Minchah Ketanah Sunrise Sunset 7:00 am 7:58 am 8:56 am 9:54 am 10:52 am 11:50 am 12:48 pm 1:46 pm 2:44 pm 3:42 pm 4:40 pm 5:38 pm 6:36 pm 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5 hr 6 hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr 10 hr 11 hr 12 hr

Plag Haminchah: Ten and three quarters shaot zmaniyot after sunrise. To calculate: 10.75 x Jewish hour Example: 10.75 x 58 minutes = 623 minutes 623/60 = 10 remainder 23 Plag Hamincha is 10 hours and 23 minutes after sunrise 7:00 am + 10 hours 23 minutes = 5:23 pm Plag Hamincha Sunrise Sunset 7:00 am 7:58 am 8:56 am 9:54 am 10:52 am 11:50 am 12:48 pm 1:46 pm 2:44 pm 3:42 pm 4:40 pm 5:38 pm 6:36 pm 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5 hr 6 hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr 10 hr 11 hr 12 hr

Night Sha’ah Zemanit – Jewish hour Sunset until Sunrise 12 Proportional hour, i.e. an hour according to halachah. Total nighttime hours divided by 12. Sha’ah Zemanit – Jewish hour Sunset until Sunrise 12

October, 4 - 5 2010 – Philadelphia Netz Hachama – Sunset: 6:36 PM Example: October, 4 - 5 2010 – Philadelphia Netz Hachama – Sunset: 6:36 PM Shkiah – Sunrise: 7:00 AM 12 hours and 24 minutes Length of the night for October, 4 - 5 2010 in Philadelphia 12 x 60 = 720 minutes 720 minutes + 24 minutes 744 minutes  12 hours and 24 minutes

6 2 12 744 72 - ------ 24 - ----- 24 One Jewish hour on October 4 - 5 , 2010 in Philadelphia is 1 hour and 2 minutes.

Night 1 hour and 2 minutes = 1 Jewish hour Sunset Sunrise 6:36 pm 12:48 am 1:50 am 2:52 am 3:54 am 4:56 am 5:58 am 7:00 am 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5 hr 6 hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr 10 hr 11 hr 12 hr

Terms for night: Chatzot Midnight; the halfway point between sunset and sunrise. Shmira The night is divided up into three sections, each section being called a shmira.

Midnight; the halfway point between sunset and sunrise. Chatzot Midnight; the halfway point between sunset and sunrise. To calculate: 6 x Jewish hour Example: 6 x 62 minutes = 372 minutes 372/60 = 6 remainder 12 Chatzot is 6 hours and 12 minutes after sunset 6:36 pm + 6 hours 12 minutes = 12:48 am Chatzot Sunset Sunrise 6:36 pm 7:38 pm 8:40 pm 9:42 pm 10:44 pm 11:46 pm 12:48 am 1:50 am 2:52 am 3:54 am 4:56 am 5:58 am 7:00 am 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5 hr 6 hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr 10 hr 11 hr 12 hr 12:48 am 6 hr

Shmira The night is divided up into three sections, each section being called a shmira. To calculate end of first shmira: 4 x Jewish hour Example: 4 x 62 minutes = 248 minutes 248/60 = 4 remainder 8 The first shmira ends 4 hours and 8 minutes after sunset 6:36 pm + 4 hours 8 minutes = 10:44 pm First Shmira Sunset Sunrise 6:36 pm 7:38 pm 8:40 pm 9:42 pm 10:44 pm 11:46 pm 12:48 am 1:50 am 2:52 am 3:54 am 4:56 am 5:58 am 7:00 am 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5 hr 6 hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr 10 hr 11 hr 12 hr 10:44 pm 4 hr

Shmira The night is divided up into three sections, each section being called a shmira. To calculate end of second shmira: 8 x Jewish hour Example: 8 x 62 minutes = 596 minutes 496/60 = 8 remainder 16 The second shmira ends 8 hours and 16 minutes after sunset 6:36 pm + 8 hours 16 minutes = 2:52 am Second Shmira Sunset Sunrise 6:36 pm 7:38 pm 8:40 pm 9:42 pm 10:44 pm 11:46 pm 12:48 am 1:50 am 2:52 am 3:54 am 4:56 am 5:58 am 7:00 am 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5 hr 6 hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr 10 hr 11 hr 12 hr 2:52 am 8 hr

First Shmira Second Shmira Third Shmira Sunset Sunrise 6:36 pm 7:38 pm 8:40 pm 9:42 pm 10:44 pm 11:46 pm 12:48 am 1:50 am 2:52 am 3:54 am 4:56 am 5:58 am 7:00 am 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5 hr 6 hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr 10 hr 11 hr 12 hr 10:44 pm 4 hr 2:52 am 8 hr