Chapter 4: Lesson 7 What were the results of the rebellions in the two Canadas?

The Durham Report 1838 – New Governor of Lower Canada, __________________, is asked to investigate the problems. Political Front: The Constitutional Act of 1791 was __________________. It provided a legislative assembly, that did not ____________________________________. Solution: ________________________– Britain would not be compromised. Recommended granting the system of ___________________________. Social Front: Political conflicts were made worse, because of ethnic conflicts. French Canadians were depicted as: inferior, poorly evolved, without history or culture and their nationalism was a cause for problems economically. Solution: __________________________________ French Canadians would become the __________________, and facilitate assimilation.

__________________ Great Britain __________________ on uniting the two Canadas __________________ the Ministerial responsibility Not ready to grant further autonomy to its colonies. Especially since so many citizens were French Canadian. Adopted in 1840 – ___________________________ Lower and Upper Canada were united to form the ________________________ or _________________________

Fourth Constitution The Act of Union of 1840 TerritoryDivided in two: Canada West (Upper Canada) and Canada East (Lower Canada) LanguageEnglish, only official language Form of Government United government. One Governor, one Executive Council, one Legislative Assembly. Powers remained the same. LawsSame Political Representation Canada West and Canada East has an equal amount of seats in the Legislative Assembly, even though Canada East had a higher population. Debt SharingLower Canada (debt-free) had to cover part of Upper Canada’s very heavy debt.

Political organization of United Canada after the Act of Union 1840 GREAT BRITAIN UNITED CANADA British Government (Monarch and cabinet ministers ) Colonial Secretary Governor General Executive Council 8 members appointed by Governor Legislative Council 24 members appointed by Governor Legislative Assembly 42 member in each Canada West and Canada East The Voters

__________________________________ The Act of Union did not satisfy Upper or Lower Canada’s __________________. Canada East: Position of former Patriotes was divided. Supporters of Papineau held violent protests – against __________________. Louis – Hippolyte Lafontaine: believed that __________________and __________________ should work together, for the prosperity of all. _______________________ would bring economic rewards to French Canadians. Firm advocate of ________________________________.

After 1840, La Fontaine reached out to Reformers from Canada West (Robert Baldwin) __________________ – The Reform Party ______________________________– their goal Formed on the basis of compromise: French Canadians would accept English Canadians’ _____________________________ (construction of canals and railways lines) English Canadians would accept the ______________________ of the French Canadians Reform Party attracted many supporters – 1842, _________________________________.

________________________________ Before 1846, the __________________, imposed hefty tariffs on cereals grown in other countries. The _____________________________(1846) abolished the Corn Laws. The _________________________no longer had Britain controlling the commerce of its colony, to the extent that it did before Free Trade This opens the door to ministerial responsibility.

Ministerial Responsibility 1848 – ______________________ received orders from London to grant ministerial responsibility. Lafontaine and Baldwin are asked to form the Executive Council – first time the members were __________________from the ____________________________ in legislative Assembly – two laws passed: ___________________________: French same status as English in Province of Canada ___________________________: compensation to citizens of former Lower Canada, who had suffered material losses as a result of the Rebellions of 1837 – 1838.

GREAT BRITAIN UNITED CANADA British Government The monarch and cabinet ministers Colonial Secretary Governor General Had power to reject requests Executive Council (council of ministers) Could reject or approve bills Legislative Council Approved laws Legislative Assembly Voted on bills introduced by executive council The Voters

TIME LINE Of Rebellions

May 1837 – Patri Patriotes denounced the Russell Resolutions and asked people to boycott products from Great Britain July – Governor Gosford banned all popular meetings August – Patriotes refused to approve budget so Gosford dissolved the legislative assembly September – Patriotes created Fils de la Liberte (sons of liberty) to bear arms against the British as the Doric Club already could bear arms against the Canadiens October – Louis Joseph Papineau (leader of Patriotes) held illegal popular meeting urging them not to turn to violence, created assemblee des six comtes

November – first battle between Patriotes and British Army at Saint Denis (Patriotes win) February 1838 – Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada published by Anglophone Patriote leader, Robert Nelson (p. 31) Created Freres Chasseurs to reorganize armed battle from USA November – Freres Chasseurs defeated at Lacolle and Odelltown by British Army Rebelllions ended 1838 Hundreds arrested and sentenced to death 12 were hanged 58 deported to Australia

Public Opinion during rebellions BRITISH colonistsView point on Rebellions (p. 34) Representatives of British authority Opposed Patriote Ordered army to end the rebellions Business classOpposed Patriote Business depended on British authority PeopleOpposed Patriote Wanted to keep political ties with Britain CANADIENSView point on rebellions (p. 33) Liberal BourgeoisieAgreed with demands Divided on means of achieving goal Most Patriote leaders from this group ClergyOpposed armed conflict Respected British authority SeigneursMost opposed as they would lose certain privileges Some for the liberal ideas such as Louis Joseph Papineau who came from this group PeopleMost for Patriotes 8000 joined the armed combat

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