Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology
Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively charged proteins & nucleic acids Na+/K+ pumps maintain high [Na+] outside cell and high [K+] inside cell
Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential Membrane potential = -70 mV
Nerve Impulse Transmission Depolarization Stimulus causes Na+ gates to open Na+ rushes into cell
Nerve Impulse Transmission Repolarization Na+ gates close & K+ gates open K+ rushes out of cell High [Na+] inside cell High [K+] outside cell
Nerve Impulse Transmission Hyperpolarization K+ gates slow to close More K+ moved out than necessary
Nerve Impulse Transmission Refractory period Na+/K+ pumps move Na+ out of cell K+ into cell Restores resting potential distribution of Na+ and K+
Transmission Across a Synapse Synapse Gap between neurons
Transmission Across a Synapse Stimulus reaches synaptic end bulb
Transmission Across a Synapse Ca 2+ gates open Ca 2+ enters end bulb
Transmission Across a Synapse Vesicles with neurotransmitter migrate to presynaptic membrane
Transmission Across a Synapse Vesicle fuses with presynaptic membrane
Transmission Across a Synapse Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft
Transmission Across a Synapse Neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft
Transmission Across a Synapse Neurotransmitter binds to receptor protein
Transmission Across a Synapse Postsynpatic neuron depolarizes
Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model
Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Depolarization of muscle causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca 2+
Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Ca 2+ exposes binding sites on actin Myosin heads bind to actin Cross bridges form
Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Myosin heads lose ADP + P Myosin heads change shape Actin pulled toward center of sarcomere Muscle contracts
Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model ATP binds to myosin heads Cross bridges break Muscle relaxes
Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model
Steroid Hormone Steroid hormone enters cell
Steroid Hormone Steroid hormone enters cell Binds to receptor
Steroid Hormone Steroid hormone enters cell Binds to receptor Hormone- receptor complex enters nucleus Causes transcription DNA transcribed RNA translated
Protein Hormone Protein hormone too big to enter cell
Protein Hormone Protein hormone too big to enter cell Binds to receptor
Protein Hormone Protein hormone too big to enter cell Binds to receptor Activates enzyme
Protein Hormone Protein hormone too big to enter cell Binds to receptor Activates enzyme Enzyme used to make cyclic AMP
Protein Hormone Protein hormone too big to enter cell Binds to receptor Activates enzyme Enzyme used to make cyclic AMP Cyclic AMP targets cell responses
Kidney Filtration Formation of filtrate Waste, nutrients, water, ions, proteins move from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule
Kidney Reabsorpton Nutrients, ions, & water move from filtrate back into blood
Kidney Secretion Ions & wastes more from the blood into the filtrate
Kidney Bowman’s capsule Filtrate production Blood pressure forces small solutes, water & ions from blood into capusule
Kidney Proximal convoluted tubule Reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients
Kidney Loop of Henle Descending limb Water reabsorbed Wall permeable to water but not solutes
Kidney Loop of Henle Ascending limb Wall impermeable to water and solutes Cells actively pump Na+ and Cl - out of tubular fluid
Kidney Distal convoluted tubule Secretion of ions, acids, drugs, toxins Variable reabsorption of water and Na+
Kidney Collecting duct Variable reabsorption of water and ions Variable secretion of water and ions Balancing act - homeostasis