Increasing Student Motivation and Engagement Using a Mindset Approach: Rationale and Empirical Basis David Valentiner Northern Illinois University

Presentation Outline A Request Rationale and Empirical Basis – Introduction to the theory – Selective review of the evidence -- four studies Feedback Strategies for your curriculum – Curriculum modules – Shifting the paradigm – Building your own curriculum

A Request I would like your help in identifying the most important information to give to faculty members about mindset interventions. As you participate in this workshop, please make notes of what you view as the most important information. Try not to think about whether the information is persuasive or convincing, but focus on how to best explain the information to future workshop participants.

Presentation Outline A Request Rationale and Empirical Basis – Introduction to the theory – Selective review of the evidence -- four studies Feedback Strategies for your curriculum – Curriculum modules – Shifting the paradigm – Building your own curriculum

Introduction to the theory Intelligence Mindset Theory proposes that the degree to which intelligence is viewed as “fixed” versus “malleable” has important consequences for academic achievement. The terms “growth” and “incremental” mean are used interchangeably with “malleable.”

First Study Blackwell, Trzesniewski, & Dweck (2007) The sample of junior high students (N = 91) was relatively diverse, low achieving, and low income. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental condition (n = 48) or a control condition (n = 41). The experimental condition consisted of completing an eight-session online course (see brainology.com).brainology.com Three time points: – spring sixth grade (Time 1) – fall seventh grade (Time 2 – pre-intervention) – spring seventh grade (Time 3 – post-intervention)

Second Study Aronson, Fried, & Good (2002) College students (N = 79) were randomized into three conditions: – Malleable pen pal – “ employed numerous attitude change techniques designed to teach them, help them internalize, and make cognitively available the notion that intelligence is expandable” (p. 116) – Control pen pal – No pen pal control

(n = 16) (n = 12) (n = 14)(n = 12) (n = 11) (n = 14) Grade Point Average in subsequent semester, adjusted for SAT

Third Study Mangels, Butterfield, Lamb, Good, & Dweck (2006) 22 students that endorsed an entity theory view and 25 that an endorsed incremental theory view were selected from a group of 535 undergraduates. Participants were fitted for EEG assessment and completed a tutorial in which they completed a series of general knowledge questions. At the end of the session, participants completed a surprise retest on the items that they had answered incorrectly during the tutorial.

Continuous EEG assessment with a QuickCap

General knowledge test question presented Type in your best answer Fixation crosshair presented (2.5 seconds) Performance-relevant feedback presented (1 second) Fixation crosshair presented (2.5 seconds) Learning-relevant feedback presented (1 second) * (high tone) * (low tone) OR Correct answer presented Performance interest Learning interest Online Tutorial Procedure

Results Behavior – No differences in test scores between groups. – On a surprise retest of questions answered incorrectly, both groups corrected a majority of their errors, but incremental theorists performed better than entity theorists. Electrophysiology – No differences during performance interest period. – Incremental theorists had sustained attention during the learning interest period, but entity theorists did not.

Fourth Study Good, Aronson, & Inzlicht (2002) 138 seventh-grade students enrolled in a computer skills class ( ing, web page design, etc.), supplemented by a college student mentor (n = 25). Randomly assigned to create a web page conveying information about: – Incremental theory condition – Attribution condition – Combination (incremental and attribution) condition – Anti-drug control condition

Mindset Theory and Intelligence In the first study, “Brainology” changes intelligence mindset and results in about a 1/3 grade point change in test scores for seventh graders In the second study, the Malleable Pen Pal condition increased college grades about 1/4 of a grade point.

Mindset Theory and Intelligence Mindset shifts attention from self to task, and from self-worth to learning. Mindset interventions are especially effective for stigmatized groups – they appear to substantially close the achievement gap.

References Aronson, J., Fried, C.B., & Good, C. (2002). Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Blackwell, L.S., Trzesniewski, K.H., & Dweck, C.S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict academic achievement acress an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and intervention. Child Development, 78, Good, C., Aronson, J., & Inzlicht, M. (2003). Improving adolescents’ standardized test performance: An intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat. Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, Mangels, J.A., Butterfield, B., Lamb, J., Good, C., & Dweck, C.S. (2006). Why do beliefs about intelligence influence success? A social cognitive neuroscience model. Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience, 1,

Presentation Outline A Request Rationale and Empirical Basis – Introduction to the theory – Selective review of the evidence -- four studies Feedback Strategies for your curriculum – Curriculum modules – Shifting the paradigm – Building your own curriculum

A Request I would like your help in identifying the most important information to give to faculty members about mindset interventions. As you participate in this workshop, please make notes of what you view as the most important information. Try not to think about whether the information is persuasive or convincing, but focus on how to best explain the information to future workshop participants.

Feedback On a piece of paper, please write in your own words the three most important things that a faculty member considering using a mindset intervention will need to know. Try not to think about whether the data is convincing or persuasive -- your help is needed to explain to future workshop participants why a mindset approach will be effective.