The 1920’s and Changes in American Culture UNIT 3 PART 2 PRESENTATION

What conclusions can be drawn from these images?

Causes of Demographic Changes  Increased opportunities in urban areas caused widespread internal migration of African-Americans from the south to the north.  European immigrants, affected by poor economic conditions in Europe after WWI, flocked to U.S. cities, particularly on the East coast.

Effects of Demographic Changes  Growth of urban centers and a shift in America from rural to urban.  Growing resentment of immigrant and migrant groups.

Racism of the 1920s  As African Americans began to fight for more rights and equality, racist groups like the KKK emerged as resistance.  Violence in the south in particular caused many African American to move north.  Lynching became a weapon of intimidation used by the KKK and other hate groups.

Marcus Garvey  Led a movement known as Pan-Africanism  He promoted Black economic independence and the founding of a new independent African American nation in Africa.  Many other leaders agreed with his racial pride but disagreed with the back to Africa movement.

Great Migration: What is it?  Movement of over two million African Americans out of the South to the “Promised Land” of the Northeast and Midwest.

Great Migration: The Causes  African Americans left in search of jobs in the nation’s growing industrial cities and to escape sharecropping, tenant farming, and the deep racism they faced in the South.  Northern industrial jobs offered wages significantly higher than jobs in the South. Reports from friends and family that had previously migrated to the North inspired increased migration.

Great Migration: The Effects  During the 1910s and 1920s, Chicago’s African-American population more than doubled; Cleveland grew by three times; and Detroit increased six-fold.  Racism, housing shortages and crime greeted African Americans in Northern cities; as a result, they founded organizations such as the National Urban League and the NAACP, which were dedicated to helping them adjust to their new the lives.

Emergence of Black Neighborhoods  Confined to all-black neighborhoods, African Americans created cities-within cities during the 1920s. The largest of these was Harlem, in upper Manhattan, New York City, where 200,000 African Americans lived together.

The Scopes Trial: Battle over Evolution  A court trial over the teaching of evolution in public schools.  Clarence Darrow defended the accused teacher and William Jennings Bryan led the prosecution. (Freedom of Expression vs. Religion)  Bryan won however newspaper coverage favored Darrow and revealed a big cultural divide in the U.S.

Prohibition: Causes and Effects  Groups such as the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, advocated for banning of alcohol in order to protect women and restore order to society.  Although the 18 th amendment was passed in 1919, it was hard to enforce and was repealed with the 21 st Amendment in 1933.

The Changing Role of Women in the 1920s  Because of men fighting in WWI, more women were required to join the workplace.  When the war ended, many of them kept their jobs.  The ability to vote now gave them a stronger voice in society.

Jazz Reflection  What are some unique features to this type of music?  What does this style of music reflect what was going on in society at the time?

The Harlem Renaissance  1920’s movement centered in the Harlem section of New York City, creating a vibrant and creative culture in which African-Americans authors, poets, artists, musicians, and movie stars experienced freedom of expression and support.  African-Americans determined to oppose continued racial segregation and suppression.

Jazz and Changes in Music  Jazz originated in the south in places like New Orleans but migrated north with African Americans.  Jazz music of the 1920’s reflected a breakdown of racial barriers and search for increasing opportunities. Greats included Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and Bessie Smith.

Langston Hughes  Famous African American Poet who was a part of the Harlem Renaissance.  His poems highlighted the changing times and lifestyles for Americans and in particular Black Americans during the 1920s.

Georgia O’Keefe and Changes in Art  Her artwork reflected the spirit of the 1920’s, both the industrialization of the northeast and the beauty of the southwestern desert.

Ernest Hemingway and Changes in Writing  Hemingway focused a lot of his books on a character discovering themselves and who they really were.  He portrayed the generation of the 1920s as lost and without real purpose.

F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby  The Great Gatsby highlighted the extravagant and wealthy lifestyle of the 1920s in most American cities.  It revealed and suggested that maybe Americans were living too excessively.

The Automobile and Society  More and more Americans began to take to the roads in the 1920s.  This resulted in a more mobile society and resulted in populations spreading out again.  The result was the creation of suburbs where people lived outside a city and drive into the city for work.

Henry Ford and the Assembly Line  Ford was able to develop the first mass produced automobile that made it possible for most Americans to drive.  He developed the use of the assembly line where workers completed only one task which dramatically increased factory output in every industry.

Airplanes and Society  Although airplanes began to be used for commercial flights, it was the military that really began to use them as an effective tool and weapon.

Glenn Curtiss  Designed a plane that could take off and land from water in  Convinced the Navy to build the first Aircraft Carrier.

Charles Lindbergh  First to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in  Became an international celebrity and national hero overnight.