Figures from Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 The equilibrium model of island biogeography and the implications of habitat fragmentation (bold arrows)...isolated patches. Figure modified from MacArthur and Wilson, 1967, Figure 8, p. 22.

Figure 8.2 Design guidelines...from the theory of island biogeography and extended by subsequent contributions to theory (e.g. see Harris, 1984; Shafer, 1997). Re-drawn from Huggett (2004, Figure 18.3, p. 362).

Figure 8.3 The first known species–area curve, based on the number of plant species of England (Watson, 1859). Re-drawn from Rosenzweig (1995, pp. 9).

Figure 8.4 Species–area curve for birds commencing within north-eastern USA, across three different spatial scales. Modified after Preston (1960) and Rosenzweig (1995).

Figure 8.5 Mammal diversity on Sunda Islands (circles) and south-western US...estimated from a mainland area (Malaysian mainland for Sunda Islands and Sierra Nevada for US mountaintops) of the same size as the island. Re-drawn after Rosenzweig (1995, his Fig. 6.5).

Figure 8.6 Past and future extinctions. ‘Distant past’ refers to average extinction rates...are speculative (i.e. even lower certainty). Adapted from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005).

Figure 8.7 Major events in the sequential collapse of the Easter Island ecosystem. Adapted from Hunt (2006) and modified according to the account provided by Diamond (2004, 2007).

Figure 8.8 Examples of species incidence functions based on logistic regression models...Re-drawn from Biedermann (2003).

Figure 8.9 Structures of metapopulations that can arise from...Adapted from Hoopes & Harrison, 1998; after Harrison (1991). The four cases are those described in the text.

Figure 8.10 Nested subset relationships. Circles represent islands of different size...is the same in the two cases, the overall species richness of the non-nested set is greater than of the nested system.

Figure 8.11 Bird species richness–area relationships in the littoral forests of southeastern Madagascar... followed Lomolino & Weiser (2001). All regressions are significant (P < 0.01). From Watson et al. (2004).

Figure 8.12 A core-area model illustrating the impacts of edge effects on nature reserves ranging from 1000 to 100,000 ha...its area is free from edge effects. Source: Laurance (2000).

Figure 8.13 A modified species incidence function...‘A’ (less favourable; dashed line). From Whittaker et al. (2005) and based on original ideas developed by Mark V. Lomolino and James E. Watson.

Figure B8.1a Three biological scales of species–area curves, as proposed by Rosenzweig...trends of increasing species number with area, as in both speciation is the major process of species addition.

Figure B8.2a The sequential reduction of the native forest and the respective...the difference between current species richness (solid line) and the future predictions (dashed lines). From Triantis et al. (2010).