Animal Nutrition & Feeding List essential nutrients & their function Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding Interpret a feed label Balance a ration

The Six Essential Nutrients A. List essential nutrients & their function The Six Essential Nutrients Protein Carbohydrates Fats Minerals Vitamins Water

A. List essential nutrients & their function The Six Essential Nutrients Protein Needed for growth and repair Helps form MUSCLES, internal organs, skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and horns

A. List essential nutrients & their function The Six Essential Nutrients Carbohydrates ENERGY The largest portion of the animal’s food supply Include sugars, starch and cellulose

A. List essential nutrients & their function The Six Essential Nutrients Fats STORED Energy Insulation & Protection

A. List essential nutrients & their function The Six Essential Nutrients Water Animal’s body is made up of 70% water Necessary for proper organ function Vital to sustaining life

Are all animal’s dietary requirements equal?...... B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals Are all animal’s dietary requirements equal?...... NO!

B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals Factors effecting nutritional needs: 1- Maintenance Gives energy for basic needs of keeping an animal alive -Every second an animal is alive it takes energy No loss or gain of weight Known as Basal Maintenance Requirement 50% of animals diet is used for maintenance

B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals Factors effecting nutritional needs: 2- Growth Young animals who are not fully grown Extra energy required to grow bones, support organ systems, develop muscle, etc. Need high levels of fats and carbohydrates

3- Gestation & Lactation B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals Factors effecting nutritional needs: 3- Gestation & Lactation (Gestation = Pregnancy, Lactation= milk production) Nutrition deficiencies are the most common cause of reproductive failures Pregnancy requires higher levels of nutrition and energy intake (Especially at the end of pregnancy when the fetus is growing rapidly) Milk production requires even more energy (Especially calcium, phosphorus, protein)

B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals Factors effecting nutritional needs: 4- Work Animals used for heavy work, require more energy For Example: hunting dogs, draft horses, race horses, etc.

Which would you choose? Which one would TASTE better? C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Which would you choose? Which one would TASTE better? Which serving would have the most CALORIES? 1 Snickers bar = 266 calories 1 cup broccoli = 30 calories To intake equal amounts of calories, which would FILL YOUR STOMACH - 1 snickers bar OR 9 cups of broccoli?

3 Types of Feed: Roughage Concentrates Supplements C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds 3 Types of Feed: Roughage Concentrates Supplements

Roughage Contains MORE than 18% Crude Fiber Feed in HIGH quantities C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Roughage Contains MORE than 18% Crude Fiber Feed in HIGH quantities Contains MINIMAL energy per pound of feed

Dry Hay Examples… Roughage C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Examples… Roughage Dry Hay

Corn Silage Examples… Roughage C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Examples… Roughage Corn Silage

Grass & Pasture Examples… Roughage C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Examples… Roughage Grass & Pasture

Concentrates Contain LESS than 18% Crude Fiber C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Concentrates Contain LESS than 18% Crude Fiber Feed in SMALL quantities Contains HIGH amounts of energy per pound of feed

Corn Examples… Concentrates C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Examples… Concentrates Corn

Oats Examples… Concentrates C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Examples… Concentrates Oats

Barley Examples… Concentrates C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Examples… Concentrates Barley

Cotton Seed Examples… Concentrates C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Examples… Concentrates Cotton Seed

Grain Examples… Concentrates C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Examples… Concentrates Grain Factoid: “Grain” is a general term for a mixture of specific grains such as corn, oats, barley, etc.

Supplements Vitamins & Minerals C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds Supplements Vitamins & Minerals

Free Access 2 Methods of Feeding Animals: Scheduled Feeding D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding 2 Methods of Feeding Animals: Free Access Allows animals available feed to eat when they want Scheduled Feeding Providing a specific amount of feed at a certain time each day

Free Access Feeding Pros Cons Problems noticed MUCH slower D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding Free Access Feeding Pros Cons Problems noticed MUCH slower Some animals will cause themselves serious health problems if they can eat all they want More feed wasted Takes less time Animal can eat as much as it wishes

Scheduled Feeding Pros Cons More quality care of animal D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding Scheduled Feeding Pros Cons More quality care of animal Amount of feed intake can be controlled -decrease feed bill Takes more time

How should you feed? Free Access Scheduled D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding How should you feed? Free Access Scheduled Small Animals do well: Rabbits Guinea Pigs Small Rodents Horses, cows, sheep, goats should ALWAYS be fed concentrates on a schedule Any animal prone to over eating

E. Interpret a feed label Name of Feed List of Nutrients % Contained List of ingredients Feeding directions Feed company

E. Interpret a feed label Feed Labels List nutrients contained in feed Give the % of each nutrient List ingredients Usually have some feeding instructions

How to Balance a Ration Daily Intake must: Fill ‘em up Taste Good F. Balance a ration How to Balance a Ration Daily Intake must: Fill ‘em up Taste Good Provide required nutrients/energy Be the most cost effective

F. Balance a ration Feed Ration Vocab Complete Feed Textured Feed

Example… A bred gilt requires a 13% protein ration. F. Balance a ration Example… A bred gilt requires a 13% protein ration. You have available- 1-Corn with 9% protein 2- cotton seed meal with 40 % protein Find the number of pounds of corn and CSM needed to make a 100lb ration.

% Crude Protein Desired F. Balance a ration Pearson Square Feed #1 Feed #1 Feed 2 - % CP Desired= % Crude Protein Desired Feed #2 Feed #2 Feed 1 - % CP Desired=

Pearson Square-Steps #1: Label Feed Names & % Feed #1: Corn 9% CP F. Balance a ration Pearson Square-Steps Feed #1: Corn 9% CP Feed #2 Cotton Seed Meal 40% CP #1: Label Feed Names & %

#2: Transfer feed name straight across F. Balance a ration Pearson Square-Steps Feed #1: Corn 9% CP Corn Feed #2 Cotton Seed Meal 40% CP Cotton Seed Meal #2: Transfer feed name straight across

Pearson Square-Steps 13% #3: Fill in desired CP% Feed #1: Corn 9% CP F. Balance a ration Pearson Square-Steps Feed #1: Corn 9% CP Corn 13% Feed #2 Cotton Seed Meal 40% CP Cotton Seed Meal #3: Fill in desired CP%

#4: Find Absolute value of feed #1 and desired CP F. Balance a ration Pearson Square-Steps Feed #1: Corn 9% CP Corn 13% Feed #2 Cotton Seed Meal 40% CP Cotton Seed Meal 9-13= /4/ #4: Find Absolute value of feed #1 and desired CP

#5: Find Absolute value of feed #2 and desired CP F. Balance a ration Pearson Square-Steps Feed #1: Corn 9% CP Corn 40-13=27 13% Feed #2 Cotton Seed Meal 40% CP Cotton Seed Meal 9-13= /4/ #5: Find Absolute value of feed #2 and desired CP

Pearson Square-Steps #6: Determine Total Parts 31 Total Parts F. Balance a ration Pearson Square-Steps Corn 40-13=27 To mix a ration Using Corn & Cotton Seed Meal… Use: 27 parts Corn 4 parts Cotton Seed Meal 31 Total Parts Cotton Seed Meal 9-13= /4/ #6: Determine Total Parts

#7: Translate “Parts” to “Pounds” F. Balance a ration Pearson Square-Steps 100 lbs / 31 total parts = 3.22 Pounds per part #7: Translate “Parts” to “Pounds”

#8: Determine pounds of each feed F. Balance a ration Pearson Square-Steps 27 parts Corn 27 * 3.22= 86.94 Pounds Corn 4 parts Cotton Seed Meal 4 * 3.22= 12.88 #8: Determine pounds of each feed

F. Balance a ration Your turn… A 1400-pound cow in the second trimester of pregnancy needs 8% protein. She is given grass hay (6% protein) and soybean meal (49.6% protein) Calculate how many pounds of each feed is required to mix a 100 pound ration of feed 8% CP feed

F. Balance a ration Bell work… A 1400-pound cow in the second trimester of pregnancy needs 8% protein. She is given grass hay (6% protein) and soybean meal (49.6% protein) Calculate how many pounds of each feed is required to mix a 100 pound ration of feed 8% CP feed

Nutrition Assn Checkoff F. Balance a ration Nutrition Assn Checkoff Nutrition Wordsearch_____/5 Pearson Square Practice wkst_____/20 Feed Label 101 Packet_____/20 Unit 7: Feed Additives:_____/20

Pearson Square A 1400-pound cow in the second trimester of pregnancy needs 6.9% protein. She is given 23.3 lbs of feed most of which is grass hay at 5.5% protein. How many pounds of soybean meal (49.6% protein) should the cow be given to make sure she receives 6.9% protein?

Sample Problem Formulate 600 lbs of a 26% CP ration using CSM (54% CP) and Barley (8% CP).

What’s Being Asked? You have 2 different feeds on hand, each containing a certain amount of protein. But for your purposes, neither will suffice. You need to mix them to make a new feed of a specific amount protein. And you need to make 600 lbs of the new feed.

Solving…..using a Pearson Square These types of problems are easy….but you have to use the Pearson Square. 1st set up the square (this will be the same every time:

2nd, label the square: Feed #1 goes here Feed #1 also goes here With its %CP The %CP you want goes here Feed #2 goes here Feed #2 also goes here With its %CP

This is what it should look like: CSM CSM 54% 26% Barley 8% Barley

3rd, some simple subtraction…one feed at a time. Subtract going diagonally: #1. CSM (54) – 26 = 28% Barley: CSM 54% CSM 26% 28 parts Barley Barley 8%

4th, do the same calculation for the second feed. Subtract on the other diagonal: Barley (8%) – 26 = -18 % CSM. But just use the absolute value….ignore the negative sign: 18 parts CSM CSM 54% 26% Barley 8% 28 parts Barley

5th, add up total parts CSM and Barley for the new feed: + 26% Barley 8% Barley 28% 46 total (18 + 28 = 46)

Wait….What’s going on? We just calculated what percent of our new ration will be CSM and Barley: of the total amount of new feed, it will be 28 parts Barley and 18 parts CSM. Now we have to determine how many pounds of each this correlates to. Once we know that, we can mix our feeds together.

So from the square, we know that in our final feed we need: 28 parts Barley 18 parts CSM We also know from the problem that we need 600 lbs of the new feed. This is the easy part!

Just convert parts to %: Remember the formula for percentage: Part/whole x 100 = %part Barley: 28 parts / 46 total parts x 100 = 60.87% CSM: 18 parts / 46 total parts x 100 = 39.13 %

Then convert % to lbs: Now we know what % of final feed will be barley and CSM, and from the problem, we know we want 600 total lbs of feed. We just need to figure out how many lbs of each this means! Barley: 600 lb x .6087 = 365.22 lbs! CSM: 600 lb x .3913 = 234.78 lbs! This is your answer! You need to mix 365.22 lbs barley and 234.78 lbs CSM to make your mix!

List all 6 essential nutrients that an animal should have Bell Quiz: List all 6 essential nutrients that an animal should have Name 3 factors that effect an animal’s nutrition needs What is the definition of a roughage? Give an example. What is the definition of a concentrate? Give an example.

What is the definition of “free feeding?” Bell Quiz: What is the definition of “free feeding?” What is the definition of “scheduled feeding?” Name a pro and a con for each method of feeding Compare and contrast roughages and concentrates

Bell Quiz: List each species of animal you have ever owned and tell me what you feed it and how much it gets daily

Let’s Check the Answer Barley: we determined 365.22 lbs needed; and from the problem we know that our barley is 8% CP; 365.22 x 0.08 = 29.22 lb CP CSM: we determined 234.78 lbs needed; from the problem we know CSM is 54% CP; 234.78 x 0.54 = 126.78 These two answers should add to give the percent CP we were looking for: 29.22 + 126.78 = 156 156 lb CP / 600 total lb feed x 100 = 26% CP

Ready for another one? A zelephant is on a feed that requires a ration containing 55% TDN. The TDN of two feeds, alfalfa hay and corn, are 89% and 22%, respectively. Determine the amounts of each feed necessary (in units/300 lbs) to meet the TDN requirement of the zelephant.

Answer Alfalfa Hay 89% 33 parts Alfalfa Hay Corn 22% 34 parts Corn 55% 67 total parts Alfalfa: 33 parts / 67 total x 100 = 49.25%; 300 lbs x .4925 =147.75 lbs Corn: 34 parts / 67 total x 100 = 50.75%; 300 lbs x .5075 = 152.25 lbs Check the answer: alfalfa: 147.75lbs x .89 TDN = 131.49 lb TDN corn: 152.25 lbs x .22 TDN = 33.49 lb TDN 131.49 + 33.49 = 164.98 total TDN / 300 lb feed x 100 = 55% TDN

with STEAM FLAKED SOYBEANS -MEDICATED- 15% Show Beef Grower with STEAM FLAKED SOYBEANS -MEDICATED- For show steers in confinement ACTIVE DRUG INGREDIENT Lasalocid Sodium.....................................40 gm/ton(30mg/lb) (For increased rate of weight gain in pasture cattle (slaughter, stocker, feeder cattle and dairy and beef replacement heifers.) GUARANTEED ANALYSIS Crude Protein .......(min)......................................15.0 % Crude Fat ...........(min).......................................3.50 % Crude Fiber .........(max).........................................10 % Calcium .............(min).....0.60 %.....(max)...............1.1 % Phosphorus ..........(min).......................................0.50 % Selenium ............(min)......................................0.40 ppm Zinc ................(min)...........................................60 ppm Manganese........(min)...........................................60 ppm Cooper..............(min)...........................................10 ppm Vitamin A ...........(min)....................................12,000 IU/lb Vitamin D ...........(min)......................................2,000 IU/lb Vitamin E ...........(min)...........................................30 IU/lb FEEDING DIRECTIONS Feed continuously to provide not less than 60 mg nor more than 300 mg/head/day. WARNING: A withdrawal period has not been established for this product in pre-ruminating cattle. Do not feed to calves being fed for veal. CAUTION: The safety of Lasalocid Sodium in unapproved species has not been established. Do not allow horses or other equine access to Laslaocid Sodium as ingestion may be fatal. Keep clean fresh water available at all times. FOR RUMINANTS ONLY Complete Horse IFA COMPLETE HORSE PELLETS are large pellets that are formulated to be the sole and complete feed for most horses. No additional hay is required. IFA COMPLETE HORSE PELLETS are easily digested by horses. Feed approximately 1- 1 ½ lbs / 100 lbs of body weight/day. (A horse weighing 1,000 lbs should be fed from 10 – 15 lbs of IFA COMPLETE HORSE PELLETS/day). Split the total ration amount into two equal feedings. The amount of feed should be varied according to the activity level of the horse. IFA COMPLETE HORSE PELLETS are balanced and contain all the nutrients that a horse requires. ANALYSIS Crude Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 13.0% Lysine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 0.6% Crude Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 3.0% Crude Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . max . . . . . . 20.0% Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 0.4% Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . max . . . . . . 0.9% Phosphorous . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 0.5% Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 0.2% Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . max . . . . . . 0.7% Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 15 ppm Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 110 ppm Selenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . 0.5 ppm Vitamin A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 3,000 IU/lb Vitamin D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 500 IU/lb Vitamin E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 50 IU/lb