Soft X-ray light sources Light Sources Ulrike Frühling Bad Honnef 2014
Soft X-ray light sources Wave length range VUV - Soft X-Ray 200nm - 0.1nm 6 eV – 1.2 keV
Soft X-ray light sources Wave length range Advantages of VUV – Soft X-ray radiation selective single photon ionization/excitation weak fields perturbation of molecular orbitals avoided access to deeply bound electron shells high photo-absorption cross section high temporal resolution
Soft X-ray light sources Relevant time scales
Soft X-ray light sources Relevant time scales Pulse duration needs to be short compared to the studied dynamics. long pulse blured short pulse sharp
Soft X-ray light sources Variable delay Probe pulse Pump pulse tt Sample Detector Pump Probe experiment M. Drescher Z. Phys. Chem. 218, (2004). We need two short, well synchronized light pulses
Soft X-ray light sources Brilliance Brilliance: Photons / (sec·mrad 2 ·mm 2 ·0.1%bw) Peak brightness: within a pulse Often used to compare light sources, but need to consider the requirements of specific experiments. Can take data over many pulses? average brightness Nonlinear experiments, or experiments where the target is destroyed by each pulse “peak” brilliance HHG
Soft X-ray light sources Synchrotron radiaton ESRF
Soft X-ray light sources Synchrotron radiaton Petra III Undulator -Sinusoidal electron trajectory in the undulator -Emission of Radiation at every bend -Coherent superposition of light pulses emitted at consecutive bends leads to highly brilliant beam -Wavelength tunable by changing the undulator gap
Soft X-ray light sources Synchrotron radiaton Synchrotron radiaton sources Photonenergy: VUV to hard X-Rays (few eV to 100 keV) High repetition rate (MHz) Tuneable wavelenght, good spectral resolution (with monochromator) Pulseduration: tens to >100 ps
Soft X-ray light sources Superimpose ps electron bunch with fs laser pulse to modulate the electron energy. Use only the modulated electrons for synchrotron radiation fs Synchrotron Pulses - Slicing S. Kahn et al., PRL 97, (2006).
Soft X-ray light sources fs Synchrotron Pulses - Slicing S. Kahn et al., PRL 97, (2006).
Soft X-ray light sources fs Synchrotron Pulses - Slicing Intensity is reduced by Pulse duration: 100 fs Photon energy: 300 – 1400 eV Sources available at Bessy, PSI S. Kahn et al., PRL 97, (2006). Energy modulation
Soft X-ray light sources Free-electron laser >10 6 higher irradiance than synchrotrons XUV: E max ~ Wcm -2 (FLASH) X-ray: E max ~ Wcm -2 (LCLS) Sources for multi-photon processes in the XUV/X-ray range fs pulse duration Time resolved experiments Repetition rate: few Hz to kHz
Soft X-ray light sources FEL Experiments A.A Sorokin et al., PRL 99, (2007). = 13.3 nm (93 eV) focus: 2.6 m (f =200 mm) E = – W cm -2 Xe 21+ 57 photons Photoeffect at ultra high intensities
Soft X-ray light sources Proposed facilities and facilities under construction not listed DESY FLASH > 7 nm SLAC LCLS > 0.12 nm SPring-8 SCSS-TA > 40 nm SACLA > 0.1 nm Elettra FERMI > 40 nm VUV/Soft X-ray FELs
Soft X-ray light sources Free-electron laser Linear accelerator highly compressed, well defined electron bunch Long undulator several 10 m)
Soft X-ray light sources Free-electron laser SASE-self amplified spontaneous emission Spontaneous undulator emission
Soft X-ray light sources Free-electron laser SASE-self amplified spontaneous emission Energy modulation of electrons in the copropagating light field
Soft X-ray light sources Free-electron laser SASE-self amplified spontaneous emission Energy modulation leads to increasing density modulation of the electron bunch (microbunching) Bunch period: coherent emission P N e 2
Soft X-ray light sources SASE FEL properties SASE-self amplified spontaneous emission No oscillator fluctuation of spectrum, pulse shape, pulse-energy Solution: single shot measurement of all beam parameters + sorting of experimental data
Soft X-ray light sources SASE FEL properties SASE-self amplified spontaneous emission No oscillator fluctuation of spectrum, pulse shape, pulse-energy Solution: single shot measurement of all beam parameters + sorting of experimental data FLASH single shot spectra Average FWHM-width: 1,7% FLASH Pulse energy
Soft X-ray light sources SASE FEL properties SASE-self amplified spontaneous emission No oscillator fluctuation of spectrum, pulse shape, pulse-energy Solution: single shot measurement of all beam parameters + sorting of experimental data FLASH pulse duration Average FWHM-duration: 35 fs FLASH Pulse shape (simulated) = 13.7 nm
Soft X-ray light sources 200 µm Optical laser: 400 nm, 130 fs FLASH: 28 nm, 25 fs CCD GaAs Single shot time delay measurement Intense XUV radiation changes reflectivity for optical laser Synchronization
Soft X-ray light sources t (ps) Nominal delay stage setting (ps) Delayscan over temporal window of 2.3 ps Alternative methods: Electro-optical sampling Sidebands T. Maltezopoulos et al., New Journ. Phys. 10, (2008).
Soft X-ray light sources Jitter-compensated ion signal Red curve – expected results with nominal XUV and laser parameters sorted with timing experiment delay scan
Soft X-ray light sources FEL Seeding schemes e.g. High-Harmonic Generation (HHG) Wavelength record: 38 nm (FLASH) Low seed power Difficult Synchronization Direct seeded FEL (amplifier mode) High-gain harmonic generation (HGHG)HGHG-cascade Wavelength record: 20 nm (FERMI) Wavelength record: 4 nm (FERMI)
Soft X-ray light sources FEL Seeding schemes Self-Seeding SASE Wavelength record: 0.12 nm (LCLS) -no external seed difficulties -no direct control over pulse length, chirp, synchronization, etc… Most seeding projects are still experimental User operation only at Fermi (20-65 nm)
Soft X-ray light sources High-harmonic generation atomic gas target Spherical mirror fs nir-laser
Soft X-ray light sources High-harmonic generation “Three-step model” Kheldysh et.al. Gas atom “Femtosecond x-ray science”, T. Pfeifer, C. Spielmann and G. Gerber, Rep. Prog. Phys. 69 (2006) 443–505
Soft X-ray light sources High-harmonic generation HHG-Spectrum E cutoff = I p +3U p U p = e 2 E 0 2 /(4m e 2 )~ I Pulse-duration is determined by the driving laser (fs to as). Pulse energy: J (VUV) nJ (<100 nm) Perfect XUV/laser synchronization Laser like XUV pulses
Soft X-ray light sources HHG setup Laser: 800 nm, 25 fs, 2 mJ/pulse XUV: 13.5 nm (higher harmonics generation) B. Schütte PhD-Thesis (2012)
Soft X-ray light sources Generation of as-pulses Carrier envelope phase (CEP) A. Baltuska et al., Nature 421, 611 (2003).
Soft X-ray light sources Light field driven streak-camera R. Kienberger et al., Nature 427, 817 (2004). resolution: < 100 as I XUV (t) I e (p) I e (E) XUV pulse Atoms Electrons Electron energy detector IR light field
Soft X-ray light sources Light field driven streak-camera R. Kienberger et al., Nature 427, 817 (2004). time el. field strength / vector potential A electron momentum change electron-momentum distribution I(E kin ) p(t) = e A(t) XUV wave packet | (t)| 2 XUV pulse Atoms Electrons Electron energy detector IR light field
Soft X-ray light sources Streaking with visible light E. Goulielmakis et al., Science 305, 1267 (2004). Kienberger et al., Nature 427, 817 – 821 (2004).
Soft X-ray light sources Sources for ultra short XUV pulses Pulse duration (fs)Photon energy (eV)Light flux ( photons/s ) High harmonics0.2 – – Laser plasma> – Synchrotron> – Synchrotron + slicing 100 – – Free-electron laser –
Soft X-ray light sources Thank you