The Philippines

Historical Background Mix of Indonesian and Malaysian Later affected by Chinese and Muslim traders Conquered by Spanish in 1571 Named after Spanish king Philip II Used as a center for trans-Pacific trade Info from http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/History/Philippines-history.htm

Spanish Influence Catholicism became dominant religion Unification of islands in early 1800s Free trade by mid-1800s Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas spreading into upper Filipino classes Wealthy Filipino family – 19th century

Growth of Nationalism 3 major groups Spanish (conservative, led by Catholic leaders) Ilustrados (upper class, educated Filipinos) Revolutionaries (lower class uneducated Filipinos and minority groups) Ilustrado leaders Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce

Growth of Nationalism Liga Filipina Katipunan Led by Jose Rizal National nonviolent political organization Katipunan Secret society committed to winning independence Emilio Aguinaldo led rebellion in 1896 Defeated 1897 Andres Bonifacio, founder of Katipunan Emilio Aguinaldo Trans: “Revolution – Towards Change”

Nationalist Wars US vs Spain 1898 Filipinos fought with the US, expected independence as reward US refused US vs Philippines 1899-1901 Won by US

American Control Phase 1 Phase 2 1901-1935 “teaching” Major parties Progressives Nacionalistas Phase 2 1936-1946 “transition” Included Japanese occupation 1941-1945 “Uncle Sam – well sonny, what is it? Philippines – where do I come in on this?”

Independence July 4, 1946 First President Manuel Roxas 1957 – Carlos Garcia Filipinos First movement Manuel Roxas (above) Carlos Garcia (left)

Nationalist Problems Communist movements Throughout 1960s and 1970s Hukbalahap (Huks) Muslim south alienated by Christian north Difficulty working with other Asian countries Nationalist dictators Ferdinand Marcos Luis Taruc – Huk leader Ferdinand Marcos

Blue stripe – peace, truth and justice 8-rayed sun – 8 original provinces that began 1896 revolution Three small stars – three main island groups Red stripe – patriotism and valor White equilateral triangle – equality and fraternity