Hazardous Waste Identification Charles Corcoran Waste Identification and Recycling Section Regulatory and Program Development Division Hazardous Waste Management Program Department of Toxic Substances Control February 13, 2007

Purpose of Course To provide the knowledge to enable you to make a “hazardous waste determination” To familiarize you with laws and regulations pertaining to hazardous waste identification February 13, 2007

Objectives Understand the terms “waste”, “exclusion”, “exemption”, “listing”, and “characteristic” To know where to find the above To be able to work with sample data to make a hazardous waste determintaion February 13, 2007

Administrative Essentials Breaks/Lunch Restrooms Food/Drinks in Classroom Cell Phones Other? February 13, 2007

Golden Rule for this Course: ASK QUESTIONS!!! This course is its most useful when you explore the concepts with me. If something is unclear or doesn’t make sense, ask for clarification. February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Identification Part 1: Introduction This class is about a procedure (or a process). You put info in and crank the handle. And you get info out. February 13, 2007

Accuracy is Essential All other waste management requirements hinge upon this one decision Generator’s responsibilities are defined Regulator’s authority is defined February 13, 2007

Mistakes Happen Because: Lack of information Poor judgement Misinformation Lack of knowledge about the laws and regulations Misclassification Happens: Intentional Cost to classify Future Liability Conservative decision-making Desire to deceive or avoid penalties Complexity of waste or waste generation activity February 13, 2007

Misclassification: Does it really matter? February 13, 2007

Case 1: Nonhazardous wastes (mis)classified as hazardous wastes Generators - legally no problem Regulators - could result in unsuccessful litigation: wasted resources and effort EPA self-declared wastes. So why not classify everything as hw ---- cost February 13, 2007

Case 2: Hazardous wastes misclassified as nonhazardous wastes Generators Legally BIG problems Illegal management/ disposal of hazardous wastes Regulators BIG problems-fails to identify potential waste mismanagement Could prolong conditions that endanger public health and the environment Of course protection of public health is what all this env. Stuff is about. Its why we have HW LAWS February 13, 2007

Laws & Regulations Dual System Federal and State laws and regulations This course is about laws. Meaning of “law” and “regulation” and “statute” February 13, 2007

Federal Laws Statute: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act or RCRA, Chapter 42, United States Code http://uscode.house.gov/usc.htm) Regulations: Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR,Parts 260-279) http://www.epa.gov/epahome/cfr40toc.htm February 13, 2007

State Laws Statute: Hazardous Waste Control Law, California Health and Safety Code, Division 20, Chapter 6.5, (www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html) Regulations: California Code of Regulations, Division 4.5, Title 22 (www.calregs.com) February 13, 2007

State Requirements Important Note: Unlike the federal requirements, in California both statutes and regulations contain specific requirements Need to use 2 books February 13, 2007

California is a federally “authorized” state Generally, California’s requirements contain all hazardous waste requirements that apply in California Most newly adopted federal regulations do not apply in California until California adopts them Note requirements – not regulations February 13, 2007

Title 22 CCR: Contents Chapter 10 - Scope and Definitions Chapter 11 - Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes Chapter 12 - Generator Standards See section 66262.11 February 13, 2007

Title 22 CCR: Contents Chapter 13 - Transporter Standards Chapter 14 - Requirements for Permitted Facilities Chapter 15 - Requirements for Interim Status Facilities Chapter 16 - Requirements for Recyclable Wastes Chapter 18 - Land Disposal Restrictions Chapter 20 - The Hazardous Waste Permit Program Chapter 22 – Enforcement, Inspections, and Informant Rewards Chapter 23 - Universal Waste Management February 13, 2007

Organization of Chapter 11 Article 1 General Provisions Definition of Waste Definition of Hazardous Waste Article 2 Criteria for Identifying the Characteristics of Hazardous Waste February 13, 2007

Organization of Chapter 11 Article 3 Characteristics of Hazardous Waste Article 4 Lists of RCRA Hazardous Wastes Article 4.1 Additional Lists of Hazardous Wastes February 13, 2007

Chapter 11 Appendices Article 5 Appendix I Appendix II Categories of Hazardous Waste (waste classification) Appendix I Representative Sampling Methods (Alternatives to SW-846) Appendix II Waste Extraction Test Procedures February 13, 2007

Chapter 11 Appendices Appendix III Appendix VII Appendix VIII Chemical Analytical Test Methods Appendix VII Basis for listing RCRA hazardous wastes Appendix VIII Hazardous constituents found in RCRA-listed hazardous wastes February 13, 2007

Chapter 11 Appendices Appendix X Appendix XI Appendix XII List of Chemical Names and Common Names of Hazardous Wastes Appendix XI Organic Lead Test Method Appendix XII California Hazardous Waste Codes Whole chapter and a bunch of appendices for hw DET. February 13, 2007

Who determines whether the waste is a hazardous waste. 22 CCR §66260 Who determines whether the waste is a hazardous waste? 22 CCR §66260.200(c) Generator’s responsibility to make determination Who is regulated (is subject to) these Laws & Regulations. February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Determination 22 CCR §66262.11 How? The information a waste generator may use to classify their waste falls into two categories: Analytical testing data Generator knowledge of materials and processes used February 13, 2007

What if the generator does it wrong? 22 CCR §66260.200(c) Subject to enforcement action if hazardous waste is mismanages hazardous waste as nonhazardous waste Implements HSC 25189 (b) February 13, 2007

How does an inspector know if the generator did the waste determination wrong? That’s why we are here February 13, 2007

Overview of the hazardous waste determination procedure Is the material a waste? Is the material excluded or exempted? Is the waste excluded or exempted? Is the waste listed in Article 4 or 4.1? Is the waste listed in Appendix X? Does the waste exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste? February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Determination Process Part 2: Waste Identification February 13, 2007

STEP 1: Do I have a “waste” ? Most of the time this easy. But not always February 13, 2007

What is a Waste? Layperson’s definition Some thing that someone has, but that they don’t have a use for. Probably going to get rid of. February 13, 2007

Definition of Waste §66261.2 22 CCR §25124 HSC A waste is any discarded material (in any physical form, such as solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas) that is not excluded by 66261.4(a), 66261.4(e), or 25143.2(b) or 25143.2(d) 1) Discuss RCRA “solid waste”. 2) Different than lay person’s definition February 13, 2007

What does “Discarded” mean? 22 CCR 66261.2(b) A material is discarded if it is: Relinquished Recycled (sometimes) Inherently waste-like Gee, that’s not much help! As described below February 13, 2007

Relinquished 22 CCR 66261.2(c) A material is relinquished if it is: disposed of burned or incinerated accumulated, stored or treated (but not recycled) before, or in lieu of, being relinquished RCRA uses “abandoned”. U.S. Courts have colored “abandoned”. Those decisions don’t impact California, but in the final analysis abandoned and relinquished mean thrown away. February 13, 2007

Recycled 22 CCR 66261.2(d) A material is a waste if it is recycled (or accumulated, stored or treated prior to recycling) if it is: used in a manner constituting disposal (placed on land) burned for energy recovery reclaimed accumulated speculatively 4 types of recycling. Tomorrow More layers February 13, 2007

Inherently Waste-like Materials 22 CCR 66261.2(e) A material is a waste if it is inherently waste-like when it is recycled RCRA waste codes F020, F021, F022, F023, F026 and F028 (contain dioxins) secondary materials that are otherwise hazardous waste and are fed to a halogen acid furnace More circular reasoning February 13, 2007

Improper Packaging/Labeling 22 CCR 66261.2(f) Materials are also wastes if they are: mislabeled or inadequately labeled, unless labeled correctly within 10 days in a deteriorated or damaged container, unless repackaged within 96 hours Must pose a threat to human health or the environment February 13, 2007

Exclusions §25124 HSC Materials that are not discarded: Intermediate manufacturing process streams Coolants, lubricants or cutting fluids that are filtered to extend their useful life 1) Exclusion: sets the jurisdictional line. February 13, 2007

Exclusions §25143.2 HSC Certain recyclable materials ingredients in industrial processes substitutes for commercial products returned to original process w/out reclamation recycled/reused onsite 1) Different 4 kinds of recycling. February 13, 2007

Waste Exclusions 22 CCR §66261.4(a) Materials that are not wastes: Point source discharges subject to CWA (NPDES permits) Nuclear wastes Spent sulfuric acid used to produce virgin sulfuric acid February 13, 2007

Waste Exclusions 22 CCR §66261.4(a) Materials that are not wastes: reclaimed pulping liquors reclaimed secondary materials returned to original process February 13, 2007

STEP 2: So you have a waste. Is it a hazardous waste? Wait… How to you do it. Go through them one by one February 13, 2007

Overview of Hazardous Waste Classification Is the material a waste? Is the material excluded or exempted? Is the waste excluded or exempted? Is the waste listed in Article 4 or 4.1? Is the waste listed in Appendix X? Does the waste exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste? February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Exclusions 22 CCR §66261.4(b) Wastes that are not hazardous wastes: Infectious wastes (animal carcasses) Used oil re-refining still bottoms used in asphalt products Used CFCs that are reclaimed Mining wastes Wastes excluded under 40 CFR §261.4 * Blue –pulls in another whole list to go through –or does it February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Exclusions 22 CCR §66261. 4(b) Hazardous Waste Exclusions 22 CCR §66261.4(b) *Wastes excluded under 261.4(b), unless the waste also exhibits an Article 3 characteristic Household wastes Agricultural wastes used as fertilizers Mining overburden Fossil fuel combustion wastes Trivalent chromium wastes (leather tanning) Mining wastes Cement kiln dust Arsenic treated wood February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Exclusions 22 CCR §66261. 4(b) Hazardous Waste Exclusions 22 CCR §66261.4(b) *Wastes excluded under 261.4(b), unless the waste also exhibits an Article 3 characteristic Used CFC refrigerants Used oil filters Landfill leachate or gas condensate Petroleum contaminated media and debris (D018-D043) Reinjected groundwater from refinery cleanups February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Exemptions 22 CCR §66261.4(c-g) materials in product or raw material storage tanks are exempt until removed (within 90 days of ceasing operation) samples - subject to regulation as a waste after use as a sample ceases treatability study samples for generator and labs controlled substances 1) Not tied to federal regulations. February 13, 2007

Statutory Exemptions §25141.5(b)(2)(B) HSC These substances are not hazardous wastes if only hazardous by acute toxicity criteria. acetic acid calcium fluoride aluminum chloride calcium formate ammonium bromide calcium propionate ammonium sulfate cesium chloride anisole magnesium chloride boric acid potassium chloride February 13, 2007

Statutory Exemptions §25141.5(b)(2)(B) HSC These substances are not hazardous wastes if only hazardous by acute oral toxicity criteria sodium bicarbonate food flavoring oils: sodium borate allspice oil decahydrate Ceylon cinnamon oil sodium carbonate clarified slurry oil sodium chloride dill oils sodium iodide lauryl leaf oils sodium tetraborate February 13, 2007

Statutory Exclusion/Exemption §25141.5(b)(3)(A) HSC Effective January 1, 1996 Excluded from hazardous waste classification for disposal purposes only Hazardous only because of Total Threshold Limit Concentration February 13, 2007

Statutory Exclusion/Exemption §25141.5(b)(3)(A) HSC Must be managed per the regulations prior to disposal Does not apply to: liquids, sludges, sludge-likes, soils, finely divided or tarry materials organic constituents February 13, 2007

Statutory Exemptions HSC §25143.1 (c) (1) Geothermal drilling wastes that are generated from exploration, development, or production of geothermal energy (excluding filter cake) is exempt. February 13, 2007

Statutory Exclusions/Exemptions §25143.1.5 HSC Treated wood wastes (TWW) Effective January 1, 2007 treated wood wastes regulated pursuant to RCRA must comply with hazardous waste requirements Treated wood wastes that is a CA hazardous waste, but not a RCRA-TWW and is not from electric, gas, or telephone service is eligible for the provisions of HSC § 25150.7 and 25150.8. 1) “RCRA” treated wood waste (RCRA-TWW) must comply with the applicable California hazardous waste requirements, including, as applicable’ generator, transportation, and facility management standards. An example of a RCRA-TWW is chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood waste scrap generated within a wood treating plant which is classified or characterized as hazardous under the federal rules. February 13, 2007

Statutory Exclusions §25143.8 HSC Cementitious materials effective January 1, 1996 cement, cement kiln dust, clinker, clinker dust not required to be tested for solid corrosivity if hazardous solely due to corrosivity for solids, excluded from classification as hazardous waste February 13, 2007

Statutory Exemptions §25143.12 HSC Petroleum contaminated debris if wood, paper, textiles, concrete rubble, metallic objects, solid manufactured objects not Federally regulated does not contain free liquids disposed in Class I or II landfill February 13, 2007

Statutory Exemptions §25143.7 HSC Asbestos wastes may be disposed in a landfill that is not Class I February 13, 2007

Statutory Exemptions §25117.5 and §117635 HSC Biohazardous waste formaldehyde fixed human surgery specimens or tissues Wastes contaminated with chemotherapeutic agents pharmaceuticals February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Exemptions 22 CCR §66261.7 Contaminated containers Exempted if “empty” February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Exemptions 22 CCR §66261.7 Containers empty when: Pourable wastes no longer pour when container inverted Nonpourable wastes are scraped or otherwise removed February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Exemptions 22 CCR §66261.7 5 gallons or smaller - destroyed and disposed Larger than 5 gallons - reclaimed for scrap value, reconditioned, remanufactured, or refilled Aerosols if completely discharged of contents and propellant February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Determination Procedure Is the material a waste? Is the material excluded or exempted? Is the waste excluded or exempted? Is the waste listed in Article 4 or 4.1? Is the waste listed in Appendix X? Does the waste exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste? February 13, 2007

Waste Determination Process Is the waste listed in Article 4 or 4.1? Hazardous waste identification - listings Go through them one by one February 13, 2007

Definition of Hazardous Waste 22 CCR §66261.3 A waste is a hazardous waste if it: listed in or contains constituents listed in Appendix X, unless the waste is determined to be nonhazardous is a mixture of a waste and a Article 4 (Federal) listed hazardous waste February 13, 2007

22 CCR Article 4: RCRA Lists Lists were created based on U.S. EPA established criteria (40 CFR 261.11) pose a threat in the absence of special regulation pose a threat even when properly managed typically exhibits a hazardous waste characteristic otherwise hazardous 1) Four lists: F, K, P, and U. February 13, 2007

RCRA Listed Hazardous Wastes 22 CCR Article 4 A waste is compared to the wastes described in the lists The source of the waste (i.e., the process that generated the waste) is just as (maybe more) important than the waste’s constituents must meet all aspects of the listing for it to apply. February 13, 2007

Three categories of lists 1. Non-specific sources (F) 2. Specific sources (K) - Hazard code - the reason the waste was listed (I, C, R, E, H, T) 1) Talk about F vs. K. February 13, 2007

Three categories of lists 3. Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, and spill residues (P, U) - Hazard code H acute hazardous waste (P-list) - Hazard code T toxic (U-list) February 13, 2007

Non-specific Sources (F-List) 22 CCR §66261.31 Waste codes with "F" followed by a three-digit number (e.g., F001) Not dependent on industry or process that generates the waste Not dependent on constituents or their concentrations present in the waste February 13, 2007

Non-specific Sources (F-List) 22 CCR §66261.31 Spent solvent wastes (F001 - F005) Electroplating and metal finishing operations wastes (F006 - F012, F019) Dioxin-bearing wastes (F020 - F023; F026 - F028) February 13, 2007

Non-specific Sources (F-listed) 22 CCR §66261.31 Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons production wastes (F024, F025) Wood preserving wastes (F032, F034, and F035) Petroleum refinery wastewater treatment sludges (F037 and F038) Multisource leachate (F039) 1) Discuss 1999/2000 changes to F037 February 13, 2007

Example: F001 “The following spent halogenated solvents used in degreasing: Tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, 1,1,1‑trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, and chlorinated fluorocarbons; all spent solvent mixtures/blends used in degreasing containing, before use, a total of ten percent or more (by volume) of one or more of the above halogenated solvents or those solvents listed in F002, F004, and F005; and still bottoms from the recovery of these spent solvents and spent solvent fixtures.” February 13, 2007

Example: F001-Degreasing operations To be listed, a waste: must be one of the listed solvents must be "spent" must have been used for degreasing must have been ten percent or more before use, or must be still bottoms from solvent recycling February 13, 2007

Specific Sources (K-List) 22 CCR §66261.32 Waste codes with ”K" followed by a three-digit number (e.g., K001) Dependent on the industry, process, or waste source specified in the description Not dependent on constituents or their concentrations present in the waste 1) Talk about K048 and Lead. February 13, 2007

Specific Sources (K-List) 22 CCR §66261.32 Manufacturing and Production Wastes from: Wood preservation Inorganic pigment Organic chemicals Inorganic chemicals Pesticides Explosives Petroleum refining Iron and steel Veterinary pharmaceuticals Primary copper Primary lead Primary zinc Primary aluminum Ferroalloys Secondary lead processing Ink formulation Coking (processing of coal to produce coke February 13, 2007

Example: K001 “Bottom sediment sludge from the treatment of wastewaters from wood preserving processes that use creosote and/or pentachlorophenol.” February 13, 2007

Example: K001 To be listed: wood preserving facility or where wood preservation is/was performed facility must use creosote or pentachlorophenol facility must generate and treat wastewater only bottom sediment sludge from a wastewater treatment unit Note; background listing documents February 13, 2007

Discarded Commercial Chemical Products, Off-Spec Discarded Commercial Chemical Products, Off-Spec. Species, & Spill Residues (P-& U-lists) 22 CCR §66261.33(e) & (f) Waste codes with ”P" or “U” with a three digit number (e.g., P001. U001) “P” wastes are acutely hazardous wastes (H) “U” wastes are toxic hazardous wastes (T) Most misunderstood of the RCRA listings February 13, 2007

Discarded CCP, Off-Spec Discarded CCP, Off-Spec. Species, and Spill Residues (P- & U-lists) 22 CCR §66261.33(e) & (f) To be listed the chemical must be unused the chemical must be pure (i.e., a sole active ingredient in a formulation) Cannot have been used or become spent Cannot have been mixed with other chemicals/active ingredients to form a product February 13, 2007

Example: U220 - Toluene Must be unused Must be the sole active ingredient A waste that contains toluene is not listed as U220 only because toluene is present Examples: Laboratory chemicals, expired or shelf-life materials, raw material spills February 13, 2007

Example: U220 - Toluene A paint formulation containing toluene would not meet the U220 listing just because the paint contained toluene 1) Pigment binders are active ingredients (AI); toluene is a solvent , not an AI. February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Determination Procedure Is the material a waste? Is the material excluded or exempted? Is the waste excluded or exempted? Is the waste listed in Article 4 or 4.1? Is the waste listed in Appendix X? Does the waste exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste? February 13, 2007

Article 4.1 DTSC Listed Wastes Effective March 15, 2003 Adopted M-Listed Wastes Mercury (Hg) containing wastes February 13, 2007

Article 4.1 DTSC Listed Wastes M001: Hg light switches in cars and cars with them prior to crushing, baling, shredding, or shearing M002: Other Hg switches in products, including appliances (effective 2/9/06) M003: Hg containing lamps and products with Hg lamps M004: Hg added novelties February 13, 2007

Regulations Unique to Federal RCRA Listed Wastes Mixture Rule Derived-From Rule Contained-In Policy February 13, 2007

Mixture Rule – RCRA Listed Wastes 22 CCR §66261.3 (a)(2)(E) & (F) Mixtures of wastes and RCRA listed hazardous wastes are hazardous wastes Concentrations are irrelevant Once listed always listed February 13, 2007

Mixture Rule – RCRA Listed Wastes 22 CCR §66261.3(a)(2) (E) & (F) Exemptions: waste has been delisted by US EPA wastes listed solely due to a characteristic other than (t) or (h), and mixture does not exhibit the characteristic (example, F003 - ignitability) February 13, 2007

Mixture Rule – RCRA Listed Wastes 22 CCR §66261.3(a)(2)(F) Exemptions: wastewaters containing de minimus concentrations of listed wastes discharged under CWA provisions wastes containing minimal losses of P and U wastes due to normal handling or minor leaks others February 13, 2007

Derived-From Rule- RCRA Listed Wastes 22 CCR §66261.3(c) Wastes generated from the treatment, storage or disposal of listed wastes are hazardous wastes Example: incineration of K001 sludge, resulting ash is derived from a RCRA listed waste February 13, 2007

Derived-From Rule – RCRA Listed Wastes 22 CCR §66261.3(c) Exemptions waste is delisted by US EPA pickle liquor sludge slag from high temperature metal recovery (F006, K061, and K062) biological treatment sludge (K156 and K157) February 13, 2007

RCRA Contained-in Policy Applies to contaminated media and debris Environmental media (water or soil) that contain listed wastes are hazardous wastes unless DTSC determines that the listed waste is present in insignificant concentrations (risk-based evaluation) Actually two parts to the contained in policy codified nad uncodified February 13, 2007

Example - Technical Grade - 80% 2,4 dinitrotoluene - unused, but to be discarded - listed as U105 Listed Hazardous Waste February 13, 2007

Class Example - Product Containing 5% p-chloroaniline and other active ingredients - Product is unused, but spilled onto land - P-chloroaniline listed as P024 Not a Listed Hazardous Waste February 13, 2007

Class Example - Sole Active Ingredient: 5% p-chloroaniline - unused, but spilled onto land - listed as P024 Listed Hazardous Waste Soil contains a listed hazardous waste 1) When actively managed. February 13, 2007

Class Example - Sole Active Ingredient: 5% p-chloroaniline - unused, but spilled onto land - spill residue treated - listed as P024 Hazardous Waste because Derived From Listed Waste Waste Residue 1) Soil is non-hazardous only if a DTSC letter was obtained. Nonhazardous contained-in det. Treatment Clean soil February 13, 2007

Delisting 40 CFR §260.22 A waste producer can petition U.S.EPA to delist a listed waste Involved, time consuming process Delisting petitions that are granted are adopted into regulation (see 40 CFR Part 261, Appendix IX) DTSC does not issue delistings February 13, 2007

CA Mixture Rule for M-Listed Wastes 22 CCR §66261. 3(b)(4) (Article 4 Not like the RCRA listed waste mixture Is a hazardous waste only if it meets a characteristic of a hazardous waste (toxic, corrosive, ignitable, reactive) February 13, 2007

Derived-From Rule: M-Listed Waste 22 CCR §66261.3(c)(5) Not like the RCRA listed waste derived from rule Addresses waste derived from treatment or recycling of Article 4.1 listed wastes Is a hazardous waste only if it meets a characteristic of a hazardous waste (toxic, corrosive, ignitable, reactive) February 13, 2007

What if my waste isn’t listed (is not a listed HW)? If a waste is not on any of the lists, the next step is to determine if the waste exhibits one of the characteristics of hazardous waste February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Determination Procedure Is the material a waste? Is the material excluded or exempted? Is the waste excluded or exempted? Is the waste listed in Article 4 or 4.1? Is the waste listed in Appendix X? Does the waste exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste? February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Determination Procedure Step 4: Hazardous Waste Identification - Characteristics February 13, 2007

Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes 22 CCR Article 3 Ignitability Corrosivity Reactivity Toxicity 1) I, R the same as RCRA, C,T differ. February 13, 2007

Ignitable Wastes Wastes that can readily catch fire and sustain combustion Same as federal characteristic February 13, 2007

Characteristics of Ignitability 22 CCR §66261.21 Liquid with a flashpoint < 140°F (60°C) Not a liquid and is capable, under STP, of causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture or spontaneous chemical changes and, when ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently that it creates a hazard Ignitable compressed gas Oxidizer Waste code D001 1) Other than <24% alcohol. February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Ignitability 22 CCR §66261.21 Flash point testing for liquids For nonliquids, more difficult SW-846 Method 1030 to test rate of combustion no tests available to measure friction, absorption of moisture or spontaneous chemical changes February 13, 2007

Corrosive Wastes acidic or alkaline (basic) wastes that can readily damage materials (skin or containers) they contact California included solids (22 CCR §66261.22 (a) (3) & (a) (4) February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Corrosivity 22 CCR §66261.22 Measured by pH Measured by rate of steel corrosion Waste code D002 February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Corrosivity 22 CCR §66261.22 pH Aqueous solution with a pH  2 or > 12.5 Not aqueous and, when mixed with an equal weight of water, has pH  2 or > 12.5 1) Alcohol exclusion method 9040. February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Corrosivity 22 CCR §66261.22 Steel corrosion rate Liquid that corrodes steel at a rate greater than 6.35mm per year Not liquid, and, when mixed with an equal weight of water, corrodes steel at a rate greater than 6.35mm per year February 13, 2007

Reactive Wastes wastes that readily explode, or undergo violent reactions February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Reactivity 22 CCR §66261.23 explode or react violently when exposed to water or under normal handling conditions create toxic fumes or gases when exposed to water or under common handling conditions meets the criteria for classification as an explosive under Department of Transportation rules. February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Reactivity 22 CCR §66261.23 Consists exclusively of narrative criteria For pure or relatively pure compounds which are wastes, a reactivity determination is relatively easy and straightforward Mixtures pose a dilemma February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Reactivity 22 CCR §66261.23 In many cases, there are no test methods Generators to use their best knowledge Assumes that the dangers these wastes pose are well known to the few waste handlers who deal with them 1) Generators will I.D these wastes by special precautions required. February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Reactivity 22 CCR §66261.23 DTSC limited to using only tests, procedures and thresholds established by U.S.EPA (§25141.5 HSC) Therefore, unless DTSC adopts a new regulation, the reactivity characteristic should be applied as U.S. EPA would apply it February 13, 2007

Toxic Wastes wastes that can deleteriously effect human health or the environmental February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24 Eight elements (or parts) to this characteristic Waste can be toxic by any of these elements (by any one criterion) TCLP is limited to federal hazardous wastes February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24 Persistent and Bioaccumulative Toxic Substances (PBTs) PBTs were considered public health threat and/or environmental hazard in the 1970’s Elements (a)(1) and (a)(2) of toxic characteristic Toxicity is where California really differs February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity (TCLP) 22CCR66261.24(a)(1) The federal toxicity characteristic is based upon a leach test called the TCLP or the “Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure” Simulates landfill disposal of a hazardous waste February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity (TCLP) 22 CCR66261.24(a)(1) Subsection (a)(1) (or element (a)(1)) incorporates the TCLP into California hazardous waste regulations To determine if a waste exhibits the characteristic of toxicity by this element, samples of the waste are extracted using the TCLP The extracts are analyzed and the lab (analytical) results are compared to the RLs in the table February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity (TCLP) 22 CCR66261.24(a)(1) If the result, in milligrams of hazardous constituent per liter of extract, equals or exceeds the RL, the waste exhibits the characteristic of toxicity. In California, the TCLP is not applied to RCRA excluded or exempted wastes. February 13, 2007

TCLP Example A waste sample is analyzed for chromium & cadmium using the TCLP. The analytical report states: chromium --------- 4.8 mg/L cadmium --------- 0.1mg/L R.L Chromium is 5.0mg/L R.L Cadmium is 1.0mg/L February 13, 2007

Federal Toxicity Characteristic 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(1) D004 Arsenic D005 Barium  D018 Benzene  D006 Cadmium  D019 Carbon tetrachloride  D020 Chlordane  D021 Chlorobenzene  D022 Chloroform D007 Chromium  D023 o-Cresol D024 m-Cresol  D025 p-Cresol  D026 Cresol D016 2,4-D  D027 1,4-Dichloro- benzene D028 1,2-Dichloro- ethane February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(1) D029 1,1 Dichloroethylene  D030 2,4 Dinitrotoluene  D012 Endrin   D031 Heptachlor (and its epoxide)  D032 Hexachlorobenzene  D033 Hexachlorobu- tadiene  D034 Hexachloroethane  D008 Lead  D013 Lindane  D009 Mercury  D014 Methoxychlor  D035 Methyl ethyl ketone D036 Nitrobenzene  D037 Pentachlorophenol February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(1) D038 Pyridine  D010 Selenium  D011 Silver   D039 Tetrachloro- ethylene D015 Toxaphene  D040 Trichloro- ethylene  D041 2,4,5 Trichloro- phenol D042 2,4,6 Trichloro- phenol  D017 2,4,5‑TP (Silvex)  D043 Vinyl chloride February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(1) Each constituent has a Regulatory Level (RL) If the measured concentration in the TCLP extract exceeds the RL, the waste is toxic (and therefore hazardous waste.) Wastes identified as toxic hazardous wastes carry the waste codes indicated. February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(2) Inorganic constituents Both WET soluble and total concentrations Organic constituents Ca. tables February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(2) Subsection (a)(2) (or element (a)(2)) is unique to California’s hazardous waste regulations To determine if a waste exhibits the characteristic of toxicity by this element, samples of the waste are prepared for analysis of their total and extractable contents February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(2) The digests (total) and extracts (WET) are analyzed and the results are compared to their respective limits (in the tables in subsection (a) (2)). February 13, 2007

Persistent and Bioaccumulative Toxic Substances 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(2) Toxic and hazardous if: The WET extract content > Soluble Threshold Limit Concentration (STLC) by the WET (mg/L), or The digest content > Total Threshold Limit Concentration (TTLC) by analysis for total concentration in waste (mg/kg) February 13, 2007

Inorganic Constituents 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(2)(A) Antimony Arsenic Asbestos Barium Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Chromium VI Cobalt Copper Fluoride Salts Lead Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Selenium Silver Thallium Vanadium Zinc February 13, 2007

Organic constituents 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(2)(B) Aldrin Chlordane DDT,DDE, DDD 2,4-Dichlorophen oxyacetic acid Dieldren Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) Endrin Heptachlor Kepone Organic Lead Compounds Lindane Methoxychlor Mirex Pentachloro phenol PCBs Toxaphene Trichloro- ethylene 2,4,5-Tri- chloro phenoxy-propionic acid (Silvex) February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity TCLP vs. WET TCLP WET Simulated landfill leachate Acetic acid extractant 18 hour extraction 7 inorganic constituents 23 organic constituents less aggressive for inorganic constituents zero headspace extractor for volatile organic compounds Simulated landfill leachate Citric acid extractant 48 hour extraction 19 inorganic constituents 18 organic constituents more aggressive for inorganic constituents More organic compounds February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity Comparing Total and WET or TCLP One can guesstimate what the concentrations will be in the extracts from the WET and TCLP methods using the concentrations in the total digest. February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity Comparing Total and WET or TCLP WET uses a 10:1 ratio of solid sample (waste) to extractant fluid TCLP uses a 20:1 ratio of solid sample (waste) to extractant fluid February 13, 2007

Characteristic of Toxicity Comparing Total and WET or TCLP If a substance in a waste were 100% soluble (in the extractant), then the maximum possible extract concentration would be: WET: 1/10 the total concentration TCLP: 1/20 the total concentration February 13, 2007

Example 1 Total digest = 530 mg/kg lead concentration, the maximum soluble results would be WET: 53 mg/l TCLP: 26.5 mg/l Both federal and state soluble thresholds for lead are 5 mg/l February 13, 2007

Example 2 Total digest = 53.0 mg/kg lead concentration, the maximum soluble results would be WET: 5.3 mg/l TCLP: 2.65 mg/l Both federal and state soluble thresholds for lead are 5 mg/l February 13, 2007

Example 3 To proceed with the WET or TCLP (for a solid waste), the minimum total lead concentration (in the digest) needs to be WET : 50 mg/kg TCLP: 100 mg/kg February 13, 2007

Acute Toxicity • Oral Toxicity • Dermal Toxicity • Inhalation Toxicity • Acute Aquatic Toxicity February 13, 2007

Acute Oral Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(3) Acute Oral LD50 the dose of a substance or mixture of substances, in milligrams per kilogram of test animal body weight, which, when administered orally as a single dose, produces death within 14 days in half of a group of 10 or more laboratory white rats. February 13, 2007

Acute Oral Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(3) Waste is hazardous if oral LD502500 mg/kg (§ 25141.5 HSC) February 13, 2007

Acute Oral Toxicity Exclusion HSC §25141.5 Wastes consisting of these substances are not hazardous wastes if they are only hazardous due to acute oral toxicity acetic acid calcium fluoride aluminum chloride calcium formate ammonium bromide calcium propionate ammonium sulfate cesium chloride anisole magnesium chloride boric acid potassium chloride February 13, 2007

Acute Oral Toxicity Exclusion HSC §25141.5 Wastes consisting of these substances are not hazardous wastes if they are only hazardous due to acute oral toxicity sodium bicarbonate food flavoring oils: sodium borate allspice oil decahydrate ceylon cinnamon oil sodium carbonate clarified slurry oil sodium chloride dill oils sodium iodide lauryl leaf oils sodium tetraborate February 13, 2007

Acute Dermal Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(4) Acute dermal LD50 dose of a substance or mixture of substances, in milligrams per kilogram of test animal body weight, which, when applied continuously to the bare skin for 24 hours, produces death within 14 days in half of a group of 10 or more rabbits. February 13, 2007

Acute Dermal Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(4) Waste is hazardous if dermal LD50 4300 mg/kg February 13, 2007

Acute Inhalation Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(5) Acute inhalation LC50 concentration of a substance or mixture of substances in air, which when inhaled continuously for 8 hours by a group of 10 or more laboratory white rats produces death in half the group within 14 days. February 13, 2007

Acute Inhalation Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(5) Waste is hazardous if inhalation LC50  10,000 ppm February 13, 2007

Acute Toxicity In many cases, toxicity data is available for pure chemical compounds found in wastes Although not common, in theory a generator could perform an animal bioassay on their waste February 13, 2007

Calculated Inhalation Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(b) A waste mixture that contains one or more compounds that are acutely toxic (inhalation) can be shown to be nonhazardous Measure headspace vapor concentration Concentration in headspace must be less than its LC50 or LC LO February 13, 2007

Calculated Oral or Dermal Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(c) A waste mixture that contains one or more compounds that are acutely toxic (oral or dermal) can be calculated to be nonhazardous 100 Calculated LD50 = ------------------ n %Ax  ---------------------- x=1 TAx February 13, 2007

Calculated Oral or Dermal Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(c) For the calculation, LD50 or LDLO values can be used February 13, 2007

Calculated Oral or Dermal Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(c) 100 ------------------------------------------ % chem 1 % chem 2 ------------------------ + ---------------------- + … LD50 chem 1 LD50 chem 2 February 13, 2007

Aquatic Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(6) Also known as the “fish test” LC50 Measured using: fathead minnows rainbow trout golden shiners Hazardous if 96-hour LC50500 mg/liter February 13, 2007

Carcinogenicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(7) List of 16 carcinogenic substances Hazardous if present in a waste or material in single or combined concentration exceeding 0.001 percent (10 ppm) February 13, 2007

Carcinogenic Substances 2-acetylaminofluorene acrylonitrile 4-aminodiphenyl bzenzidine bis(chloromethyl)ether Methyl chloromethyl ether 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane 3,3-dichlorobenzidine Dimethylaminoazoben-zene ethyleneimine alpha-naphthylamine beta-naphthylamine 4-nitrobiphenyl N-nitrosodimethylamine beta-propiolactone vinyl chloride February 13, 2007

Experience or Testing 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(8) Wastes shown through experience or testing to pose a hazard The criteria were not expected to capture all possible wastes that could be hazardous Use Best Professional Judgment Now really only DTSC applied. February 13, 2007

Experience or Testing 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(8) DTSC is required to modify Chapter 11 if a waste is identified as hazardous using this section and has statewide application (§ 25141.5 HSC) Examples: ethylene glycol (spent antifreeze) Ethylene glycol hazardous per (a)(8) is not in title 22 February 13, 2007

Mixture Rule - Characteristic Wastes 22 CCR §66261.3(b)(4) Wastes mixed with either a RCRA or a nonRCRA characteristic hazardous waste are hazardous waste only if the resulting mixture still exhibits a hazardous characteristic Intentional mixture to avoid regulation is treatment, and requires authorization February 13, 2007

Derived From Rule - Characteristic Wastes 22 CCR §66261.3(c) Wastes derived from the treatment, storage or disposal of either a RCRA or a nonRCRA characteristic hazardous waste are hazardous waste only if the resulting waste still exhibits a hazardous characteristic February 13, 2007

Skipped a step February 13, 2007

What if a waste is not on one of the lists? If a waste is not listed, the next step is to determine if the waste exhibits one of the characteristics of hazardous waste February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Determination Procedure Is the material a waste? Is the material excluded or exempted? Is the waste excluded or exempted? Is the waste listed in Article 4 or 4.1? Is the waste listed in Appendix X? Does the waste exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste? February 13, 2007

What is Appendix X? A tool for generators February 13, 2007

Appendix X List of 791 chemicals List of 66 common names or types of hazardous wastes Characteristic of concern noted (X,C,I,R) February 13, 2007

Appendix X List creates a “presumption” Wastes listed in Appendix X or containing a listed chemical are presumed hazardous by characteristic Can be classified as nonhazardous using testing or knowledge, as with other wastes February 13, 2007

And another thing …. February 13, 2007

Used Oil A waste can be hazardous by being “used oil,” or By being contaminated with or containing used oil. Its not in the HW regulations! Does not have to exhibit a characteristic. February 13, 2007

The Procedure Should Be: Is the material a waste? Is the material excluded or exempted? Is the waste excluded or exempted? Is the waste listed in Article 4 or 4.1? Does the waste exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste? - Is the waste listed in Appendix X? Is the waste “Used Oil” or a material that contains “Used Oil”? February 13, 2007

Part 5: Hazardous Waste Categories 22 CCR Article 5 Break? February 13, 2007

Categories of Hazardous Wastes 22 CCR Article 5 RCRA Hazardous Wastes NonRCRA Hazardous Wastes Acutely Hazardous Wastes Extremely Hazardous Wastes Special Wastes Universal Wastes Others February 13, 2007

Who cares about which category my waste fits into? February 13, 2007

Proper Classification (categorization) of Hazardous Wastes is Necessary for: Land disposal restrictions/treatment standards Fees Generator, Disposal Hazardous waste management requirements Universal Waste managment DTSC discretionary authority Variances, tiered permitting February 13, 2007

RCRA Hazardous Wastes 22 CCR §66261.100 Not excluded from RCRA regulation Listed (F,K,P,U lists) Ignitable Corrosive liquid Reactive Toxic (using TCLP) Hazardous Wastes are presumed to be RCRA HWs unless determined otherwise February 13, 2007

NonRCRA Hazardous Wastes 22 CCR §66261.101 Listed (M listed) Corrosive solid Toxic for anything except for federal toxicity [22 CCR §66261.24(a)(1)] Excluded under 40 CFR 261.4 Container residues that are “RCRA-empty” February 13, 2007

Acutely and Extremely Hazardous Wastes Hazardous wastes that, if exposure were to occur, may likely result in death, disabling personal injury, or serious illness Not only hazardous, but, are even more hazardous than ordinary hazardous wastes February 13, 2007

Acutely and Extremely Hazardous Wastes Acutely (Federal) “P” listed Extremely (State) Criteria-based Appendix X (asterisks) February 13, 2007

Extremely Hazardous Waste Criteria 22 CCR §66261.110 & §66261.113 Acute toxicity Carcinogenicity Experience or testing Water Reactivity Persistent and bioaccumulative toxic subtances February 13, 2007

Extremely Hazardous Waste Criteria 22 CCR §66261.110 Acute Oral Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.110(a)(1) Extremely hazardous if LD50  50 mg/kg Acute Dermal Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.110(a)(2) Extremely hazardous if LD50  43 mg/kg February 13, 2007

Extremely Hazardous Waste Criteria 22 CCR §66261.110 Acute Inhalation Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.110(a)(3) Extremely hazardous if LC50  100 ppm Carcinogenicity 22 CCR §66261.110(a)(4) Same list of carcinogens single or combined concentration equal to or exceeding 0.1 percent (1000 ppm) February 13, 2007

Extremely Hazardous Waste Criteria 22 CCR §66261.110 Experience or Testing 22 CCR §66261.110(a)(5) Like hazardous waste criteria, wastes shown through experience or testing to pose an extreme hazard February 13, 2007

Extremely Hazardous Waste Criteria 22 CCR §66261.110 Water Reactive 22 CCR §66261.110(a)(6) Like hazardous waste, narrative criteria “When contacted by water, reacts violently, generating extreme heat, burning, exploding, or rapid reaction” Calculated Acute Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.110(b) Same equation as for hazardous waste Water reactive not clearly defined in reg. February 13, 2007

Extremely Hazardous Waste Criteria 22 CCR §66261.113 Persistent and Bioaccumulative Toxic Substances Total concentrations only List and TTLCs differ from hazardous waste TTLCs February 13, 2007

Extremely Hazardous Persistent and Bioaccumulative Toxic Substances Aldrin Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chlordane 2,4-D Dieldrin Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) Endrin Heptachlor Kepone Organic lead Lindane Mercury Mirex PCBs Selenium Thallium Toxaphene 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy-propionic acid February 13, 2007

Special Waste 22 CCR §66261.120 Subset of nonRCRA hazardous wastes Typically used for large-volume wastes NOT self implementing - a generator must apply to DTSC to receive special waste classification Eligible to be managed according to less stringent standards (not automatic) February 13, 2007

Special Waste Criteria 22 CCR §66261.122 Can be hazardous for only inorganic constituents Constituent concentrations may exceed their respective STLCs or TTLCs WET-soluble concentration (when expressed in mg/kg) cannot exceed its TTLC value Note: multiply WET result by 10 and then compare to the TTLC. For type ii wastes less than 10. February 13, 2007

Special Waste Management 22 CCR §66261.126 Waste can go into Class III landfill Landfill must have WDRs for special waste Landfill operator must have a variance from DTSC February 13, 2007

“Other Category” Universal Waste Not in Article 5 Reduced regulation to encourage proper management Reverts back to HW at the “destination facility” Scrap metal (skip?) Silver-only wastes, bottom ashes from biomass February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Determination Basics Part 6: Miscellaneous Information February 13, 2007

Waste Classification Options Self-classify, and manage accordingly [§66260.200(c)] DTSC concurrence [§66260.200(d)] DTSC reclassification [§66260.200(f)] DTSC special waste (§66261.124) All DTSC determinations are subject to fee for service February 13, 2007

Who determines whether a waste is a hazardous waste? Generator’s responsibility to make determination 22 CCR §66260.200(c) February 13, 2007

Hazardous Waste Determination 22 CCR §66262.11 How? The information a waste generator may use to classify their waste falls into two categories: Generator knowledge of materials and processes used Analytical testing data U.S> EPA generator knowledge is objective demonstrable facts. Can’t shrug your shoulders. February 13, 2007

Knowledge: any information that a generator finds that helps them to understand or anticipate their waste’s characteristics or properties. February 13, 2007

Information = Knowledge A generator may use anything known about the physical properties and characteristics of the waste in lieu of testing the waste. February 13, 2007

Information about the waste generation activity Information about the chemicals or ingredients in the process Information about the quantities and concentrations of chemicals in the process February 13, 2007

Analytical results from similar wastes Industry studies Internet/web searches Multiple Business Locations Hotline Information Material Safety Data Sheets February 13, 2007

Toxicity Data Information from chemical manufacturers On-line sources TOXNET (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/) February 13, 2007

Can I classify my waste based entirely on knowledge? Yes February 13, 2007

Use of “generator knowledge” Address or rule out as many criteria as possible using "knowledge." Analytical testing for any criteria for which information is not available. February 13, 2007

Analytical Testing What characteristics are expected (or cannot be ruled out through knowledge)? What tests correspond to the hazardous waste criteria? Sampling February 13, 2007

To run a test, you’ll first need to take a sample of the waste February 13, 2007

Sampling Considerations for sampling Purpose of sampling Generator classification Compliance verification/enforcement Site investigation/characterization February 13, 2007

Sampling 22 CCR §66261.20(c) “Sampling and sample management of wastes and other materials for analysis and testing pursuant to this article shall be in accord with . . . chapter nine of "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods," SW‑846, Third Edition . . .” February 13, 2007

Number of Samples For formal petitions to DTSC, minimum of four samples required Will always be a function of variability of waste and use of the data February 13, 2007

A sample result above a threshold Not Automatically Hazardous Waste Depends Statistically, you can expect some individual results to exceed the threshold Take a closer look February 13, 2007

A sample result below a threshold Not Automatically Nonhazardous Waste Depends Statistically, for hazardous wastes you can expect some individual results to be below the threshold Don’t discount outright February 13, 2007

Part 7: SW-846 “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods” EPA Publication SW-846 [Third Edition, November 1986) Updates I, II, IIA, IIB, III and IIIA February 13, 2007

SW-846 Contains sampling and analysis methods related to hazardous waste regulations Sample collection and sampling data considerations Analytical methods for: organic constituents inorganic constituents physical properties of wastes waste characteristics February 13, 2007

SW-846: Chapter Nine Sampling Plans Design Development Implementation February 13, 2007

Basic Premise Data from the testing of a sample is only as meaningful as the purpose for which the sample was collected Data is meaningless if you don’t know what it represents February 13, 2007

“Plan” for sampling Know exactly what sample you need, why you’re taking it, and how to take it before you take the sample February 13, 2007

Sampling Plan Design and Development The level of detail and effort in planning for sampling is proportional to the importance of the use of the data generators vs. inspectors February 13, 2007

Regulatory and Scientific Objectives Data to determine what, if anything, is present (unknowns) Data to confirm the presence (or absence) of contaminants Data to compare to criteria thresholds February 13, 2007

Comparison to thresholds For a generator to use their data to draw accurate conclusions about their waste, the data must “represent” the waste Representative data comes from representative samples February 13, 2007

Representative Sample Sample that can be expected to exhibit the average properties of the whole waste Not biased in any way February 13, 2007

Fundamental Statistical Concepts Need to predict the characteristics of the whole using data of a few samples Accuracy Precision February 13, 2007

Sampling accuracy How close the data from your sample(s) is to the true average properties of the waste Better accuracy through random selection of a sample February 13, 2007

Sampling precision The variability between results of sets of samples Better precision by taking more samples, and by taking larger samples February 13, 2007

Balance Accuracy/precision vs. Cost of sampling and analyses The closer to the regulatory threshold, more accuracy and precision needed February 13, 2007

Accuracy and precision measurements Mean (average) Standard deviation Confidence interval February 13, 2007

Mean Average Add up all values, divide by the number of values February 13, 2007

Standard deviation A measurement of the distance between the sample mean and the true mean February 13, 2007

Confidence Interval The range where you would expect to find the true mean February 13, 2007

Confidence Interval For regulatory purposes, the probability is specified as 80% (90% one-tail) Unless demonstrated otherwise, assume “normal” distribution February 13, 2007

Confidence Interval The true mean has a 90% chance of being at or below the upper confidence limit Only a 10% chance of being above it (only a 10% chance of being wrong) February 13, 2007

Confidence Interval If the upper confidence limit is at or above the threshold, the waste is hazardous February 13, 2007

Basic Sampling Strategies Probability versus Authoritative February 13, 2007

Probability Sampling Simple Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Systematic Random Sampling February 13, 2007

Authoritative Sampling Sample point selected by sampler For classification purposes, validity of the data depends on knowledge of sampler For classification, may raise more questions than it answers February 13, 2007

Probability vs. Authoritative Depends on how much you already know about the waste Depends on how you want to use the data February 13, 2007

Simple Random Sampling Best approach if little or nothing is known about the waste All parts of the waste have an equal chance of being selected Avoids bias (conscious or unconscious) February 13, 2007

Stratified Random Sampling Necessary if there is some sort of regularly occurring or predictable strata in the waste e.g. phase liquids (oil & water) or liquid with sludges February 13, 2007

Systematic Random Sampling Sampling points are based on one randomly selected point e.g., timed intervals of a process stream February 13, 2007

Additional Considerations Waste Form Solid or Liquid (or both) Waste Accessibility Piles Containers, Tanks Impoundments Process stream February 13, 2007

Composite Sampling Lose information about individual samples May not be able to detect unknown waste variations Analytical results are a pre-calculated “average” Additional statistical analysis cannot be performed February 13, 2007

Other sampling plan factors Sampling equipment Sample containers Sample preservation Chain-of-Custody Health and Safety February 13, 2007

The End? Charles Corcoran 916-327-4499 ccorcora@dtsc.ca.gov February 13, 2007