Your Body Systems Chapter 5

BELLRINGER: How many body systems can you name?

Body Organization Human Body Working together Complex Machine City ( Buildings, transportation systems, Electrical energy) Working together Each part has role to play Contributes to the function of the other parts of the body ** What happens to the body when a part is not functioning properly?

Cells Simplest and most basic units of life Human Body vs. Bacteria Nucleus “brain” of cell Largest organelle of the cell Contains the DNA

Tissues A group of cells that are similar & work together to perform a specific function 4 Types of Main Body Tissue : Epithelial ( Boundary) Protects body from moisture loss, bacteria, internal injury Muscle ( movement) Connective Tissue ( Support & Structure) Nervous Tissue ( Messaging System)

Body Tissue

Organ Two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function

Organs How many organs are in the human body? 78 Which organ is the largest? Skin What is the major organ of the body? Brain Other organs of the body http://www.organsofthebody.com/

Body System A group of organs that work together for one purpose Your Body Systems: Nervous System Endocrine System Skeletal System Muscular System Digestive System Urinary System Circulatory System Respiratory System

Body System Function Nervous System Controls & coordinates activities of the body systems Endocrine System Helps nervous system control and coordinate activities of the body; helps regulate growth Skeletal System Provides a framework to support and protect the body Muscular System Works with the skeletal system to cause movement Digestive System Breaks down foods into simpler substances; transfers nutrients into the blood; eliminates solid waste products so they can be eliminated from the body; protects the body from disease Circulatory System Transports and distributes gases, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body; collects and transports waste products so they can be eliminated from the body; protects body from disease Respiratory System Exchanges oxygen from the environment and carbon dioxide from the body Urinary System Filters liquid waste products from the blood and eliminates them from the body

Body Systems Work Together Each system has a different function Work together and help on another Body systems depend on one another Perform their functions properly When working properly The body stays alive and is healthy

CELL ORGANIZATION POSTER HANDOUT

BELLRINGER : ARE PEOPLE WITH BIGGER BRAINS SMARTER THAN PEOPLE WITH SMALLER BRAINS?

Nervous System Body system that gathers and interprets information about the body’s internal & external environments and responds to that information

Nervous System Components Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Sensory Organs ( eyes, ears, taste buds)

Nervous System Controls voluntary & involuntary activities Walking Talking Heart beat Also allows … Seeing Hearing Smelling Tasting Detect pain & pressure

Nervous System controls Conducts electrical messages to & from various parts of your body NERVE IMPULSES Carry information that help the organs and body systems carry out their functions correctly

The Brain Major organ Mass of nervous tissue that is located inside your skull

Brain Impulses Sends impulses to different parts of the body Impulses contain information about your body and about the world around you Constantly receiving impulses Your brain uses this information to Tell your body how to react to the environment Sending impulses to different body parts

Structure of Brain Cerebrum Cerebellum Brainstem

Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Most complex Coordinates many activities of the brain Controls Senses, emotions, voluntary muscle movements, consciousness, learning, & memory

Cerebellum Second largest part of the brain Controls Muscle coordination, balance, and posture

Brainstem Connects to the spinal cord Controls Heart rate Blood pressure Breathing

PIN THE FUNCITON ON THE BRAIN

Central Nervous System (CNS) Includes brain & spinal cord Spinal Cord Bundle of nervous tissue that is about a foot and a half long and is surrounded by your back bone Spinal cord Function Relay impulses between the brain and different parts of the body Interpreting impulse Brain – spinal cord – body part Body part – spinal cord – brain

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Composed of nerves that connect all parts of your body to the CNS Uses nerves to control the actions of different parts of the body

** ONLY IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM *** Nerves A bundle of cells that conducts electrical signals through the body Like an electrical cable Many small wires ** ONLY IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ***

Nerves Means of communication in the CNS CNS & skeletal system When & how to move CNS & Skin Heat Pressure Pain Other sensations from the environment

Common Problems of the Nervous System Meningitis Rabies Concussions Stroke Paralysis Epilepsy Cerebral Palsy

Meningitis Infection, inflammation of the protective covering of the brain & spinal cord Bacterial & viral Bacterial ( antibiotics ) Vaccine No vaccine to treat / prevent viral form

Rabies A viral infection of the brain that causes irritation of the brain and spinal cord Passed by saliva of an infected animal Avoid wild / unfamiliar animals Medical treatment needed

Concussion Blow to the head May cause brief memory loss; unconsciousness Preventative measure Wear protective headgear

Stroke Death of brain tissue Medical attention & hospitalization Lack of blood going to brain Medical attention & hospitalization

Paralysis Partial / total loss of the ability to use muscles Caused by damage to brain or spinal cord May be permanent

Epilepsy Disorder of the nerves and brain that are characterized by uncontrollable muscle activity Form of seizure Treated with medication

Cerebral Palsy Very poor muscle control No cure or prevention Caused by damage of the brain No cure or prevention Physical therapy

Endocrine System Network of tissues and organs that release chemicals that control certain body functions

Hormones Chemicals that travel in the blood and cause changes in different body parts Tells body how to grow or develop Stressful Situations Fight or Flight Epinephrine Rush

Hormone Facts Makes & releases between 50-100 different hormones Every hormone has an important function for the body Most glands make & release different hormones Each function of the body is controlled by more than one hormone Hormones work together to cause changes in the body

Gland A tissue or group of tissues that makes and releases chemicals Endocrine Glands make hormones* Specific Endocrine Glands Hormones released into blood Control certain body functions

Types of Glands Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Pancreas Ovaries Testes Thymus Gland Parathyroid Glands Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Gland Controls the rate at which your body uses energy Located in the neck area

Adrenal Glands Helps the body respond to stress or danger Located above kidneys

Pancreas Regulates blood sugar levels Located on the bend of stomach

Ovaries Females Only Produce hormones involved in reproductions Estrogen & progesterone

Testes Males Only Produce hormones in reproduction Testosterone

Thymus Gland Regulates the immune system, which helps body fight disease Located between Lungs

Parathyroid Gland Regulates the calcium level in the blood Located behind thyroid

Pituitary Gland Secretes hormones that affect other glands & organs Located in the Brain

Types of Hormones Thyroxine Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone Insulin Human Growth Hormone Epinephrine & Norephinephrine

Thyroxine Thyroid Stimulates body metabolism Regulates body growth & development

Testosterone Testes Stimulates secondary sex characteristics in males Stimulates sperm production

Estrogen Ovary Stimulates secondary sex characteristics in females

Progesterone Ovary Allows the uterus to prepare for pregnancy Regulates menstrual cycle

Insulin Pancreas Regulates the amount of sugar in blood

Human Growth Hormone Pituitary Gland Stimulates body growth

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Adrenal Stimulate the body systems and metabolism in emergencies & during stress

HORMONE & BONE GROWTH ACTIVITY

Common Problems of the Endocrine System Too much / Too little of a hormone Interfere with Normal Structure Function of the Body Endocrine System Problems Type II Diabetes Gigantism Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism

Type II Diabetes High level of sugar in the blood Body does not produce enough insulin Body’s cells do not Treatment Diet & Exercise Insulin Injection Pills

Gigantism Individual has a very large body size Excess production of human growth hormone by pituitary gland Treatment Medication

Hyperthyroidism Produces too much of the thyroid hormone Body Systems become too active Lead to rapid & unhealthy weight loss and other problems Treatment Medications Radiation Surgery

Hypothyroidism Produces too little of the thyroid hormone Body system slow down Can lead to rapid and unhealthy weight gain Treatment: Medication that replace missing hormones

BELLRINGER: HOW MANY BONES & MUSCLES ARE IN THE HUMAN BODY?

Skeletal System Bone Is a living organ made of bone cells, connective tissues, and minerals Bone, Cartilage, & special structures make up the system

Skeleton Body’s framework Support the Body Protect organs Store Minerals Work with your muscles to move

HEALTHY VS UNHEALTHY BONES

2 Types of Bone Tissue Compact Bone Spongy Bone Is dense bone tissue found outside of all bones Spongy Bone Many air spaces Lighter & less dense than compact bone and found inside most bones

Compact & Spongy Bone

Cartilage & Marrow Cartilage Marrow 2 Types Ends of many bones which are covered by a soft, flexible tissue Marrow Soft tissue inside bones 2 Types Red Marrow – makes red & white blood cells Yellow Marrow – stores fat

Joints Place in the body where 2 or more bones connect Allow movement When muscles attached to the bone contract Classified by how bones move Fixed Joints Joints allow little or no movement Ligaments Flexible bands of connective tissue

JOINT ACTIVITY

Skeletal / Joint Problems Break Dislocate Stretch or torn Aging / poor diet Osteoporosis Fracture Osteomyelitis Arthritis Osteoarthritis Rickets Scoliosis Sprain

Osteoporosis Density of bone decreases Bones are weak More likely to break Treatment Exercise Calcium / Vitamin D Medications

Fracture Break in a bone Caused by accident or injury Treatment Cast Surgery

Osteomyelitis Bacterial infection of the bone and marrow Treatment: Antibiotics Surgery Prevention: Clean deep wounds / cuts

Arthritis Joint inflammations Treatment : Physical Therapy Medications

Osteoarthritis Caused by aging Joints are stiff & painful Treatment: Anti-inflammatory Drugs Physical Therapy Surgery

Rickets Children Causes the body to have difficulty absorbing calcium Bones soften Caused by lack of vitamin D Treatment: Medication with vitamin D

Scoliosis Curvature of the spine Uneven growth of the body Treatment: Exercise Brace Surgery

Sprain Injury to ligaments at a joint Treatment: Rest Ice Cast

Types of Muscle Muscle Types of Muscle Any tissue that is made up of cells or fibers that contract & expand to cause movement Types of Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle Move materials such as food through internal organs Makes up internal organs Stomach Intestines

Cardiac Muscle Found in the heart Blood is pushed through the body

Skeletal Muscle Muscle attached to bones Attached to bones by connective tissue Tendons Pull onto the bones they are attached to causes body to move Release energy Maintains body temperature

Muscular System The muscles that move your body

How muscles Move Skeletal muscles work together Movement Make your Body move Movement Result of muscles pulling on bones

Muscle Contraction- Flex Gets shorter ONLY pull bones closer together Flex Bend Example : Bicep Pulls the bones of the forearm toward shoulder

Muscle Contraction – Extend Example : Triceps Pulls the bones of the forearms away from the biceps

Muscular System Problems Tired & Sore Strained & Torn Warm up, cool down, stretch Problems: Muscular Dystrophy Inguinal Hernia Muscle Cramp Strain Tendinitis Shin Splints

Muscular Dystrophy Genetic Diseases Causes muscle weakness Destruction of skeletal muscle tissue Treatment: No Cure Physical Therapy Surgery

Inguinal Hernia Intestine bulges through abdominal muscles Causes Caused: Lifting heavy objects Improper lifting Treatment: Surgery

Muscle Cramp Sudden & painful contraction of a muscle Night After Exercise No Treatment

Strain Overstretching Tearing of a muscle due to overuse / misuse Treatment : Rest Ice Wrapping Injury

Tendinitis Inflammation of a tendon Treatment Aging Excessive Exercise Rest Hot or Cold compresses Ant – inflammatory medications

Shin Splints Pain in the shin caused by damage Irritation to the muscles in the front of the leg Treatment: Rest Ice Pain Medication

Exercise Circuit Activity

BELLRINGER: NAME DIFFERENT SYMPTOMS THAT OCCUR WHEN YOU HAVE PROBLEMS DIGESTING YOUR FOOD.

Digestion Digestion Process by which your body breaks down food you eat

Digestive System Group of organs and glands that work together to physically & chemically break down, or digest food Mouth Stomach Small Intestine After Digestion Food is absorbed in the blood

Nutrients Substances in foods that your body needs to function properly Produce Energy Growth Maintenance Repair

Journey of Food- Mouth Mouth Chewing Saliva Food particles are smaller Makes digestion easier Saliva Moistens food Makes it easier to follow

Journey of Food – Throat Pushed by your tongue Throat Pharynx Esophagus to Stomach

Journey of Food – Stomach Food Particles Mixed with acidic juices Stomach churns Mixes food & juices Stays in stomach for a few hours Travels to large intestine

Journey of Food – Small Intestine Most chemical digestion happens Food moves by contractions Smooth muscle of small intestine Contractions Push food through the organ Liver, gall bladder, pancreas Release chemicals into the small intestine Leaves small intestine to large intestine

Journey of Food – Large Intestine No digestion happens Mostly waste products Pushed out Takes about 24 hours

Body Absorbs Nutrients Absorbed in bloodstream Alcohol, simple sugars, & simple salts Absorbed in stomach Small Intestine Carbohydrates, proteins, fats Absorbed in small intestine

Villi Inner wall of the small intestine covered in fingerlike projections Increase the surface of the intestinal wall Nutrients Pass easily from the small intestine to the blood Large intestine Water Simple Salts

Common Digestive Problems Improper Chewing Too much Acid Problems: Indigestion Heartburn Diarrhea Constipation Ulcers Appendicitis Hemorrhoids Stomach & Colon Cancer

Indigestion Pain / discomfort in stomach Treatment: Antacids Medication

Heartburn Burning feeling in the esophagus Treatment: Backflow of acidic stomach contents Treatment: Antacids Medication

Diaherrea Increase amount & number of times a person passes waste Treatment: Medication

Constipation Passing solid waste is difficult & infrequent Treatment: Medication Fluids

Ulcers Round, open sore in the lining of stomach or small intestine caused by bacteria Treatment: Avoiding certain foods Antacids Antibiotics

Appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix Treatment: Releases harmful bacteria into the abdomen Treatment: Surgical removal of the appendix

Hemorrhoids Swollen tissues of the rectum and anus Treatment: Contain blood vessels that may bleed Treatment: Usually does not require treatment May require surgery

Stomach & Colon Cancer Tumor in the stomach, colon, rectum of large intestine Age Diet Treatment: Surgical removal of the affected organ Chemotherapy Radiation

TRAVEL BROCHURE

Excretion Removal of liquid wastes from the body 3 Body Systems Involved: Skin & Water Releases products Sweating Lungs Get rid of Carbon Dioxide Urinary System Removes waste products from blood

Urinary System Group of organs that work together to remove liquid wastes from the blood Carries waste from cells to kidneys Kidneys Clean the blood of liquid waste Ureters Waste passed from kidneys to tube like structures

Urinary System Bladder Urethra Urination Muscular, baglike organ that stores this liquid waste until it can be released from the body Urethra When bladder is full, waste leaves the body through a single tube like structure Urination Release of the waste

Filtering Blood Kidneys Blood Contains Kidney Removes clean you blood Regulate amount of water in body Blood Contains Nutrients, gases, water, & waste Kidney Removes Waste & excess water from the blood

Kidneys Nephrons Filtration Urine Remove harmful products from your blood Filtration A process where nephrons remove the wastes from the blood Urine Liquid waste

Common Problems of the Urinary System Waste products can build up in the blood Lifetime threatening conditions Uncomfortable or painful Problems: Urinary Tract Infection Stones Urinary Incontinence Overactive or Neurogenic Bladder

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Infection of one or more of the organs of the urinary system Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites More common in women Treatment: Antibiotics Antiviral drugs

Stones Crystallized mineral chunks that frequently from in the kidneys and bladder Small stones leave body with urine Larger stones may be trapped Treatment: Medications Ultrasound waves Surgery

Urinary Incontinence Uncontrollable loss of urine from the bladder Inability to control urination Aging Treatment: Medication Surgery

Overactive / Neurogenic Bladder Inability to control urination Damage to nerves that go to the urinary bladder Treatment: Medications Surgery Catheter

BELLIRINGER: WHY DO YOU THINK PEOPLE ASSOCIATE LOVE WITH THE HEART?

Circulatory System Made up of three parts Functions Clean blood Help regulate the amount of waster in your body Functions Transport nutrients and gases to a different parts of the body where they can be used by the cells Take waste materials from the cells to kidneys, lungs, and skin, where wastes can be removed

Heart http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH0QTWzU-xI

Blood 5 liters Tissue that is made of liquid, cell parts, and 2 types of cells Liquids & solids Components: Plasma Platelets Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells

BLOOD VISUAL

Plasma 55% of blood 90% of plasma is water Fluid Carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products from one part of the body to another

Platelets Solids 45% of blood Carried by plasma Cell fragments that help repair blood vessels and form blood clots Made in bone marrow Clump together in the damaged area of body Forms blood clots & stops you from bleeding

Red Blood Cells ( RBCs) Most numerous blood cells Transport oxygen & carbon dioxide through the body Hemoglobin Protein Oxygen & carbon dioxide attach Carries gases through the body

White Blood Cells ( WBCs) Large cells that help you stay healthy by fighting infection and protecting the body from foreign particles

Supply Lines Arteries Veins Capillaries Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart Veins Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart Capillaries Microscopic blood vessels of the body that link the arteries and veins Nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste products enter and leave the blood stream

Common Circulatory Problems Cells do not get oxygen & nutrients They will die Wastes are removed from cells Problems: Hypertension Heart Attack Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia Leukemia Hemophilia

Hypertension Abnormally high blood pressure Increase the chance of stroke/ heart attack Treatment: Losing Weight Eating healthy Not Smoking Medication

Heart Attack Blood supply to the heart is reduced or stopped Treatment Injures heart Treatment Medical emergency Medical professional

Anemia Number of blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin is below normal Treatment: Treated with vitamin B 12 Iron supplements Medications

Sickle Cell Anemia Blood cells are sickle cell shaped Contain an abnormal type of hemoglobin Genetic Treatment: Cannot be cured Hospitalization at times

Leukemia Cancer of the tissues of the body that produce white blood cells Treatment: Chemotherapy

Hemophilia Genetic disorder Blood does not clot Clots very slowly Treatment: Blood transfusions Avoiding situations that may cause bleeding

Respiratory System Body system that brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide from the body Gases forced in & out of the lungs through breathing

Respiratory system Nose & Mouth Pharynx ( throat) Voice Box ( Larynx) Windpipe ( trachea ) Bronchi Allows air to enter lungs

Lungs Large sponge like organs in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are passed between the blood and environment

How you Breathe Diaphragm Contract Relax Movement of air in & out of the lungs Dome shaped muscle beneath the lungs Contract Air enters lungs Relax Air leaves lungs

LUNG MODEL

Alveoli Gases move between the blood and tiny air sacs

Common Respiratory problems Air may contain harmful materials Avoid smoking tobacco & using drugs Problems: Tuberculosis Pneumonia Asthma Emphysema Lung Cancer

Tuberculosis Contagious infection that infects the lungs Chest pain Difficulty breathing Bacteria in the air Treated with antibiotics

Pneumonia Inflammation of the lungs Treatment: Alveoli become filled with thick fluid Treatment: Rest Fluids Antibiotics

Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi Treatment: Includes cough Rest Aspirin Cough medicine Antibiotics

Asthma Allergic response in which airways fill with mucus Triggers Pollen Dust Smoke Cold air Stress Strenuous exercise Treatment Drugs

Emphysema Condition in which the alveoli in the lungs break Treatment Difficulty breathing Treatment Can’t be cured Medication

Lung Cancer Cancer destroys lung tissue Most common type of cancer Men & Women Treatment Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation Therapy

BELLRINGER: MAKE A LIST OF HABITS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GOOD HEALTH AND BAD HEALTH

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