Enzymes/Macromolecules/Bo nding- covalent and ionic

Enzymes  Enzymes are proteins that help to speed up chemical reactions in the body  Shape of Enzyme determines its function  High temperature or extreme pH values may effect the shape of an enzyme molecule (denaturing). Makes enzymes useless

Reaction Without-Enzymes

Reaction With-Enzymes

Enzymes are Specific  An enzyme can be used for a specific reaction  Double sugar needs to be broken apart  Only one enzyme can function for this reaction  Shape of an Enzyme can determine its functions

Enzymes

Denaturing

 Change in shape of enzyme due to high temperature or extreme pH

Denaturing  Irreversible process, enzyme will not work anymore

Macromolecules  Large Molecules  Populate a cell and provide it with important functions of life Structural support Source of stored fuel Ability to store and retrieve genetic information Ability to speed biochemical reactions

Four major types of Macromolecules  Lipids  Carbohydrates  Nucleic Acids  Proteins Polymers: chain of similar units or monomers, that are linked together by covalent bonds

Diverse groups of molecules in nonpolymorphic form  Lipids  Carbohydrates  Nucleic Acids  Proteins Sugars Nucleotides Amino Acids Four major types of Macromolecules

Proteins  Chains of Amino Acids linked with Polypeptide Bonds  20 Amino Acids make Proteins, each differing only in the side chain  Properties of side chains account for structural and functional differences

Protein

Carbohydrates  Simple sugars called monosaccharides as well as large sugars called polysaccharides  Glucose is hexose, a sugar composed of 6 carbon atoms, usually found in a ring form  Starch macromolecule is a polysaccharide composed of 1000s of glucose units

Carbohydrates

Nucleic Acid  DNA and RNA are nucleic acid  Two polymers with complementary nucleotide sequence can pair with each other  Pairing allows NA with the ability to  Store  Transmit  Retrieve genetic information

Nucleic Acid

Lipids  Triglyceride is composed of 3 fatty acid and 1 glycerol molecule  Fatty acids attach to Glycerol by covalent ester bond  Long hydrocarbon chain of each fatty acid makes the triglyceride molecule nonpolar and hydrophobic

Lipids

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