Chia Jia YanU062203H Lee Dang NiU051984H Lim Chai YingU062410N Lim Ren HannU062774H

 Introduction to gastric juice  Types of antacids  3 common types of antacids  Usage and treatment  Reaction & Mode of action  Side effects  Limitations  Combination Drugs  Conclusion

 Stomach contains gastric acid of pH of 2 to 3.  Gastric acid contains HCl, KCl and NaCl.  Excess acid can cause pH to fall below 2 which can cause problems such as abdominal pain and heartburn etc.  Gastric juice activates pepsin, an enzyme that carries out proteolysis – break down proteins by breaking bonds that links amino acids

Parietal cell produce gastric acid using proton pump H + /K + ATPase, an enzyme. As a proton pump, it transport 1 H + in exchange of 1 K + from stomach against concentration gradient with ATP providing the energy. Epithelial cells Picture taken from My Optum Health. +hea?section=2 (accessed on 8 April 2009)

 Alkaline salt or buffer substances used to neutralize stomach acid and bring its pH back to 2 to 3  Treat indigestion or relieve any discomfort caused by acidity of stomach acid  Reduces acid concentration within the lumen of the esophagus which increase the intra-esophageal pH and decrease pepsin activity  In forms of tablet, liquid suspension, lonzenges, chewing gum, dissolving tablet  Liquid relief symptoms faster

 Active ingredient: Basic metal salt Cations used are highlighted in Red  Anions used: OH -, O 2-, CO 3 2-, HCO 3 -, HPO 3 -, Trisilicate (Mg), amino acetate (Al)

 Commonly used: Al(OH) 3, MgOH, CaCO 3 By mixing and matching cations and anions, combining different types of antacids, unique attributes, properties and potency of antacids are created. Either Mixture or Complex antacids Other common ingredient:  Simethicone – relieve gas by breaking down bubbles  Alginic acid – foaming agent that floats on top of stomach content

Calcium CarbonateMagnesium Salts Aluminium Salts (usually hydroxide)  Alka-mints tablets  Childrens’ Mylanta Tablet  Chooz Gum  Alcalak  Titralac  Milk of Magnesia  Philips Tablets  Philips Oral Suspension  Maalox  Mylanta  ALternaGEL  Most potent antacid ingredient; acts rapidly with more prolonged action than sodium bicarbonate Less potent that Ca Slow acting Can use hydroxide, phosphate & trisilicate (common in Singapore)  Mild and slow acting antacid, last longer  Most stable form of aluminium salts under normal conditions

Calcium CarbonateMagnesium Salts Aluminium Salts (usually hydroxide)  Fast acting and long lasting effect  Good when patient suffers from calcium deficiency  hydroxide has the highest potency  Magnesium antacids are generally NOT absorbed. Any small amounts are cleared renally  May be dehydrated to form powder that readily dissolves in acids  Insoluble in water and forms a suspension/gel that coats and protects the stomach lining  Most appropriate if patient suffers from renal failure

 Antacids can treats:  Esophageal reflux / Heartburn – liquid preferred  Gastric & Peptic Ulcer – relief pain while body heals  Renal Stones – Al used to remove phosphate stone  Constipation – Mg antacids given  Patients suffering from Kidney failure/ uremic patient – only Al antacids allowed  Calcium not given in Singapore  Infants & Elderly not advised to take antacids

 Strength of an antacid to neutralize acid in the stomach is determined using the antacid’s neutralizing capacity (ANC)  ANC is expressed as milliequivalents (mEq) of the amount of 1N HCl that can be neutralized  FDA: all antacids must have a neutralizing capacity of at least 5 mEq per dose.  The commonly used antacids are ranked in this order with respect to ANC, from strongest to weakest  CaCO3 > Mg(OH) 2 > Al(OH) 3

 CaCO HCl  CaCl 2 + H 2 O + CO 2 1g will neutralize 20mEq of acid  CaCl 2 + CO 3 2-  CaCO 3 + Cl - (higher pH in intestine)  Some unchange calcium is absorbed by the gut, which can raise the pH of the blood causing alkalosis – can affect proteins  Calcium is then removed through the renal system

 Magnesium oxides, hydroxides and carbonates are poorly soluble, only Chloride are soluble.  Mg(OH) 2 + 2HCl  MgCl 2 + 2H 2 O 1 g can neutralize 2.7 mEq of acid  MgCl + HCO 3 -  MgCO 3 + HCl  Although non-absorbable, 5% - 10% of Mg enter systemic circulation which then rapidly removed by kidney

 Al(OH) 3 + 3HCl  AlCl 3 + 3H 2 O Al(H 2 O) g can neutralize 0.4 – 1.8 mEq of acid  Solubility of Al increases as pH decrease, above ph>5 neutralizing effect will stop  Al 3+ + PO 4 3-  AlPO 4 (insoluble)  Inadequate amount of phosphate ions will cause Al 3+ to be absorbed  It will rebind back at soft tissue or bones where phosphates are found

 Causes constipation  Relaxation of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle delay in stomach emptying constipation  Form insoluble complex of aluminum phosphate (AlPO 4 ), which is excreted in the faeces. May lead to lowered serum phosphate concentrations and phosphorus mobilization from the bone. If phosphate depletion is already present, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and fracture may result BUT it reduce phosphates in the urine and prevent formation of phosphatic (struvite) urinary stones

 Causes diarrhea: 1. Mg 2+ draw water from the surrounding body tissues into the intestinal tract by osmosis. 2. Higher quantity of water in the intestinal tract softens and increases the volume of faeces, stimulating nerves in the intestines. 3. Mg 2+ also play a role in releasing the peptide hormone cholecystokinin, causing accumulation of water and electrolytes in the intestine and triggering intestinal motility.

 Magnesium salts may cause central nervous depression in the presence of renal insufficiency  Causes hypermagnesia in patients with severe renal function impairment BUT Magnesium hydroxide inhibits the precipitation of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, thus preventing the formation of calcium stones

 Release of CO 2 cause belching, nausea, abdominal distention, and flatulence.  Calcium may induce rebound acid secretion.  Calcium stone (kidney stone) can be formed.  Excess Ca 2+ cause hypercalcemia. Not a problem in normal patients. But g of CaCO 3 per day can be problematic in patients with uremia.

 Antacids may affect drugs by altering gastric and urinary pH, (e.g., thyroid hormones)  Al 3+ and Mg 2+ antacids are notable for their propensity to chelate other drugs present in the GI tract, forming insoluble complexes that pass through the GI tract without absorption  Most interactions can be avoided by taking antacids 2 hours before or after ingestion of other drugs

 Require large neutralizing capacity single dose (156 meq) antacid 1 hr after meal  neutralize gastric acid for 2 hr 2nd dose 3 hr after eating  maintains effect for > 4 hr  Tablet antacids generally weaker  large number required  Convenient to administer since it can carried around easily But it needs to be chewed properly

 Simethicone  Anti-flatulence drug to ease discomfort  Breaking down gas bubbles in stomach by lowering the surface tension  Alginates  React with saliva to form a viscous raft of non-irritating material that floats atop stomach contents. When reflux occurs, refluxate consists of nonirritant materials  Cannot be used with simethicone!

 H 2 -Histimine Blockers  Inhibit gastric acid secretion  Proton Pump Inhibitors – Omeprezole  Best for short-term and long term treatment of GERD  But take long to take effect (approx 1-4 days)

 WEBSITES  Alu-cap, from Net Doctor. Website:  Antacid Medication in Pregnancy May Increase Childhood Asthma, from Physorg.com. Website:  Antacids, from MedTV. Website:  Antacids: Facts and Discussion Forum and Encyclopaedia Articles, from Absolute Astronomy. Website:  Antacids for GERD, from Quest Diagnostics. Website:  Antacids, Information about Antacids, from Free Health Encyclopaedia. Website:  Antacids: Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, from Merck Website:  Antacid | World of Chemistry Summary, from Book Rags. Website:  Chemistry 104: Analysis of Antacid Tablet, from Chemistry LA Tech Website:

 WEBSITES  Information about Antacids, from RXList The Internet Drug Index. Website:  Magnesium Trisilicate Tablets BP, from Net Doctor. Website:  Minerals ~ Magnesium, from SpringBoard. Website:  PharmGKB: Antacids, from Pharmokogenomics Knowledge Base. Website:  What is Milk of Magnesia?, from Wise Geek. Website:

 BOOKS  Haddad L.M., Shannon M.W., Winchester J.F. (1998). Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose  Halter, F. (1981). Antacids in the Eighties: Symposium on Antacids, Hamburg. Munchen: Urban and Swarzenburg  Kosegarten D.C., Pisano D.J. Vogenburg F.R. (2000). Mastering Pharmacy, licensure and certification: A case-based review. New York: McGraw-Hill  Washington Neena. (1992). Antacids and Anti-reflux Agents. CRC Press  Stoelting R.K. (2006) Handbook of Pharmacology and Physiology in Anaesthetic Practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins  Van Ness M.M., Gurney M.S., Jones D.M. (1995). Handbook of Gastrointestinal Drug Therapy. Boston: Little, Brown