Exploitation by Introduced Species. 28 29 Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) Introduced to Guam (mid-1940s) 31.

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Presentation transcript:

Exploitation by Introduced Species

28 29 Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) Introduced to Guam (mid-1940s) 31

Myiagra freycineti (Guam flycatcher) Gallicolumba xanthonura White-throated ground-dove Zosterops conspicillatus ** Bridled white-eye Acrocephalus luscinia Nightingale reed-warbler Rhipidura rufifrons * Rufous fantail Ptilinopus roseicapilla Mariana fruit-dove Myzomela cardinalis Cardinal honeyeater Halcyon cinnamomina ** Micronesian kingfisher Nine of Eleven Native Forest Birds in Guam EXTIRPATED/EXTINCT 30

SUCCESS OF SPECIES INTRODUCED OUTSIDE OF NATURAL GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION No Coevolved Interspecific Competitors No Coevolved Herbivores No Coevolved Parasites No Coevolved Pathogens

Predator-Prey Dynamics

Sunspot Hypothesis (Elton 1924) What Controls Snowshoe Hare Population Fluctuations? Predator Hypotheses Food Supply/Quality Hypotheses Overpopulation Hypotheses

TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS: CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT 27 Test for Effects of Predators, Plant Food Supply, Quality

ControlsSupplemental Food Fertilizer Electric Fence / Supplemental Food Electrical Fence Krebs et al YEAR STUDY TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS: CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT

Fig in Molles 2006 TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS: CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT

Underlying Processes: Predator – Prey Dynamics Alfred Lotka (1925) Vito Volterra (1926)

dN h /dt = r h N h – pN h N p Modeling Population Change: Host (= Prey) r h = p = N h = N p =

dN p /dt = c p N h N p -d p N p Modeling Population Change: Predator c p = N h = N p = d p =

Fig in Molles 2006

2 Predator – Prey Oscillation in the Laboratory?

Fig in Molles 2006 Bean Weevil Parasitoid Wasp Utida 1957 Predator – Prey Oscillation in the Laboratory?

Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab (Paramecium – Didinium) G. Gause (1935) Predator: Didinium Prey: Paramecium

Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab (Paramecium – Didinium) Fig in Molles 2006 Experiment 1

PreyPredator Fig in Molles 2006 Trial 2 Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab: Refuges (Paramecium – Didinium) Add a Refuge: Sediment

Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab: Restock Predators (Paramecium – Didinium) Fig in Molles 2006 Prey Predator Trial 3 Restock the Predator

10 Predatory Mite Can Crawl Feeds on Six-Spotted Mite Six-Spotted Mite Feeds on Oranges Can Crawl or “Balloon” via Silk Strand Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab (Predatory Mite / Six-Spotted Mite)

Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab (Predatory Mite / Six-Spotted Mite) Fig in Cain et al. 2008

Huffaker (1958) Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab: Refuges and Complexity (Predatory Mite / Six-Spotted Mite) Fig in Cain et al Additional Complexity Widely Spaced Oranges Intervening Vaseline Strips Posts Inserted on Some Oranges to Facilitate Ballooning

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