The account manager called his client … arrange a meeting. clauses of contrast and purpose although, even though, despite, in spite of, for, to, in order to, so as to, so that … she’s the head of department, she often goes out with her colleagues. The account manager called his client … arrange a meeting. The company is expanding … there is a recession. The firm made several people redundant … cut costs. His secretary stayed at her desk … miss an important phone call. Everybody laughed at my boss’ speech … his terrible jokes. The staff in my office are happy … working long hours. She closed the door of her office … nobody could hear her conversation.

Although/Even though she’s the head of department, she often goes out with her colleagues. The account manager called his client to / so as to / in order to arrange a meeting. The company is expanding even though there is a recession. The firm made several people redundant to / so as to / in order to cut costs. His secretary stayed at her desk so as not to miss an important phone call. Everybody laughed at my boss’ speech despite / in spite of his terrible jokes. The staff in my office are happy despite / in spite of working long hours. She closed the door of her office so that nobody could hear her conversation.

transform the sentences Although he’s the managing director, he goes to work by bike. despite Although they don’t do any marketing, their products sell well. in spite of The reduced their prices so as to sell more products. so that I have to leave work by six o’clock so that I don’t miss my train. so as

Although he’s the managing director, he goes to work by bike. despite He goes to work by bike despite being the managing director. Although they don’t do any marketing, their products sell well. in spite of In spite of not doing any marketing, their products sell well. They reduced their prices so as to sell more products. so that They reduced their prices so that they could sell more products. I have to leave work by six o’clock so that I don’t miss my train. so as I have to leave work by six o’clock so as not to miss my train.