Production and consumption of horticultural products in Korea and cancer chemopreventive activity of fruit and vegetables Mok, Il-Gin 1 and Hyong Joo Lee 2 1 National Horticultural Research Institute, Korea 2 Seoul National University, Korea Joint FAO/WHO Workshop on fruit and vegetables Aug. 15, Coex, Seoul

0 Fruit production in Korea

0 apples pears grapes citrus persimmons sweet persimmons oranges bananas Export Import Quantity of fresh fruit trades (1,000 M/T) Fruit trade of Korea

'80'85 '90'95 '00 '03 Years Fruit consumption (kg) apples pears peaches grapes citrus persimmons others Fruit consumption in Korea

Vegetable production in Korea

Vegetable consumption per capita in Korea

Production of fruit vegetables in Korea (production value, 2004)

Production of spice vegetables in Korea (production value, 2004)

Production of leafy and root vegetables in Korea (production value, 2004)

Function of foods FunctionEffectsComponents 1’ function (Nutritional) Physical strength Nutrients (CHO, prot, lipid, vitamin, mineral) 2’ function (Sensory) Pleasant sensation Flavor, color, texture 3’ function (Physiological) Health promoting Phytochemicals, Peptides, lipids, probiotics, etc

Phytochemicals and their bioactivities PhytochemicalsBioactivities Flavonoids daidzein, genistein, glycitein Antioxidant, Lowering cholesterol, Preventing cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and osteoporosis Polyphenols catechin, quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate, phytosterol, curcumin, proanthocyanidins Antioxidant, antifungal, antivirus, and preventing inflammation, cancer, and CVD Terpenes β & α-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin Cancer chemoprevention Sulfur compounds thioallyls, isothiocyanates, glucosinolates Preventing hypertension, cancer, and thrombosis Others saponins, ginkgolides, inositol phosphates Improving blood circulation, cancer chemoprevention

Total deaths from cancer and heart disease J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2003

Factor Estimated % of all cancer deaths Major causes of cancer Diet 35 Tobacco 30 Infection 10 Reproductive & sexual behavior 7 Occupation 4 Alcohol 3 Geophysical factors 3 Pollution 2 Industrial products 1 Medicines & medical procedures 1 Food additives < 1

Cancer chemoprevention “Use of agents that are designed to inhibit, reverse, or retard carcinogenesis” A Promising and ultimate strategy to prevent cancer

Multistage Carcinogenesis Secretion Initiation Promotion Progression Normal Initiated Cell Cell Preneoplastic Neoplastic (1-2 days) ( >10 years) ( >1 years) Procarcinogen Ultimate Carcinogen Detoxification Metabolic Activation Initiation Promotion Progression Modification of epigenetic events

Cancer chemopreventive mechanisms of food components Carcinogen Oxidative stress Inhibition of cell-to cell communication Initiation Promotion Inflammation Progression MMP production Cell proliferation Lee KW et al., Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2004

Many studies on intracellular signaling cascades as common molecular targets for chemopreventive phytochemicals in food

Lee KW et al. Mec. Aging Dev (2006)

Major phenolics in apple and their contribution to the total antioxidant activity Phytochemicals Concentration mg/100 g fresh Relative VCEAC values Total antioxidant activity (mg VCEAC/100 g) Relative contribution (%) Vitamin C Chlorogenic acid Epicatechin Phloretin glycosides Procyanidin B Quercetin glycosides Total

Apple antioxidants exert combined chemoprotective effects against ROS-mediated carcinogenesis. Tumor promotion mediated by ROS may be involved in ROS- induced inhibition of GJIC and activation of MMP. Vitamin C and quercetin restored H 2 O 2 -inhibition of GJIC by blocking hyperphosphorylation of Cx 43 and activation of ERK 1/2 in a rat liver epithelial cell line. Vitamin C and quercetin protects ROS-mediated activation of MMP-2 and increase of motility in a fibrosarcoma cell line. Chemopreventive effects of apple phenolics

Exp. Biol. Med (2006)

Exp. Biol. Med (2006)

5 A Day for Better Health is a national program and partnership that seeks to increase the number of daily servings of fruits and vegetables Americans eat to five or more. The 5 A Day program provides easy ways to add more fruits and vegetables into your daily eating patterns.