Optimizing the Management of Warfarin Therapy Jack Ansell, M.D. New York November 4, 2008.

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Optimizing the Management of Warfarin Therapy Jack Ansell, M.D. New York November 4, 2008

A 71 year old male was started on warfarin for an embolic CVA related to atrial fibrillation. He was discharged after being switched from heparin to warfarin with an INR of 2.1 on the day of discharge. An INR 4 days later was 2.8. His next INR was ordered for 3 weeks later; he obtained the INR in the morning and went home waiting for the call. Later that day, at home, he was found comatose. The INR pending from the morning was The patient was found to have a massive intracranial hemorrhage and he subsequently died. Even without knowing more information about this case, what went wrong? There are at least 2 management deficits, both of which could have been avoided. How could this patient have been managed better...

The Dilemma of Current Oral Anticoagulant Therapy Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic window of effectiveness and safety Many factors influence a patient’s ability to stay in that window (diet, meds, illnesses) Frequent monitoring is required to maintain patients in the therapeutic window Monitoring is labor intensive, complex and may lead to under use of therapy Warfarin has a high rate of adverse events in real world and may lead to under use of therapy

Anticoagulation Therapy Anticoagulation Therapy Impediments to Care Patient Related Travel to office, lab Wait to be seen Venipunctures Reports delayed Costs Physician Related Scheduling tests Reports delayed Contacting Patient Reimbursement Technology Related Sample handling Availability of result Accuracy, consistency

Goals of Warfarin Therapy To achieve the greatest reduction in thromboembolism with the lowest incidence of bleeding. This involves knowing: - When to use (proper indications) - How much to use (proper therapeutic range) - How to use (proper dose management)

  6.5 INR Warfarin Has a Narrow Therapeutic Window Warfarin Has a Narrow Therapeutic Window Relationship Between Clinical Events and INR Intensity in Patients with Prosthetic Valves Cannegeiter et al Incidence / 100 patient - years

1.Hylek EM et al. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120: Hylek EM et al. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:540. INR Odds Ratio Ischemic Stroke ICH Therapeutic Window Warfarin Has a Narrow Therapeutic Window Warfarin Has a Narrow Therapeutic Window Relationship Between Clinical Events and INR Intensity in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Fibrin Clot XII Coagulation Cascade Vitamin K Dependent Factors Intrinsic Extrinsic XI IX VIII VII X V II I 6 hr 36 hr 60 hr 24 hr Tissue Factor PT / INR aPTT

Prothrombin Precursor O H H || N-C-C | CH 2 | CH 2 | COOH Prothrombin “Carboxylase” CO 2 O2O2 CO 2 Reduced Vitamin KOxidized Vitamin K S-warfarin R-warfarin CYP1A2 CYP3A4 CYP2C9 Glutamic Acid -Carboxy- Glutamic Acid O H H || N-C-C | CH 2 | CH / \ HOOC COOH WARFARIN Vitamin K Oxide Reductase Adapted, B. Gage

Exp[ x VKOR3673G>A x BSA – x CYP2C9*3 – x Age – x CYP2C9* x Target INR – x Amiodarone x Smokes – x African American race x DVT/PE] The SNPs are coded 0 if absent, 1 if heterozygous, and 2 if homozygous and race is codes as 1 if African American and 0 otherwise Warfarin dosing equation B. Gage.

1. Campbell PM et al. Dis Manag Clin Outcomes. 2000;2: Ansell JE. In: Ansell JE, Oertel LB, Wittkowsky AK, eds. Managing Oral Anticoagulation Therapy. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Facts and Comparisons; 2003;44:1-6. Models of AC Management Routine medical care or usual care (UC) Anticoagulation clinic care (ACC) Point-of-care (POC) testing –Provider testing and dosing –Patient self-testing (PST), but Dosing by provider –Patient self-management (PSM), with Dosing by patient

Active rather than passive dose management. Dedicated personnel to proactively schedule, confirm, and track appointments and INR results and to maintain patient communication. Dose manager with appropriate training or experience Physician, nurse practitioner, physician assistant, or pharmacist In the small physician office, this is usually the responsibility of the physician. Documentation of all dosing decisions and patient interactions Document each encounter (paper or electronically):current dose, INR, new dose, next appointment and any anticoagulation-related problems. Flow sheets to track current and previous INRs is essential. Policies or guidelines to facilitate systematic care Policies should include guidelines for: AC indications; target INR and range; basic elements of patient education; initiation and maintenance dosing policy; frequency of monitoring; management of non-therapeutic INRs; management of bleeding; use of vitamin K; management of AC during invasive procedures; duration of anticoagulation; INR management responsibility when physician not available (coverage) The essential elements of an anticoagulation management service

Age & Size of ACCs (N=233) < 1 yr yrs yrs yrs yrs 9+ yrs % 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Age of ACC Median=4 Number of patients enrolled in ACC Median=250 Proportion of ACCs

ACC Staffing * Proportion of ACCs ACC Director 40% 20% 60% 80% 100% MD Pharmacist Nurse MD committee Other * Multiple staff types possible Staff LPN, RN or NP Pharma- cists MD Clerical Techs

Type of Referrals Received by ACCs Surgery Others Cardiology General Internists Family Practice Other CHF Valve replace- ment Embolic stroke AF DVT 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Referrals from Referrals for Proportion of ACCs

ACC Affiliation * 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Teaching Hospital Community Hospital VA † hospital HMO Group Practice Single Practice Retail Pharmacy Other Proportion affiliated with each hospital/group type * Multiple affiliations possible. † Veteran’s Administration

TTR vs Model of AC Management Model Above Below Study of Care TTR Range Range Garabedian 1985UC Gottlieb 1994UC Beyth 1997UC Horstkotte 1998UC Sawicki 1999UC Holm 1999UC Garabedian 1985ACC Conte 1986ACC Lundstrom 1989ACC White 1989ACC Seabrook 1990ACC Cannegeiter 1995ACC Ansell 1995ACC Palaretti 1996ACC Range 33-64% Mean 50.5% Range 59-92% Mean 74.4%

AMS: Retrospective Trials van der Meer 1993non incept cohortMixedAMS6,8146,0853.3NA Cannegeiter 1995non incept cohortMHVAMS1,6086, Veeger 2005inception cohortVTEAMS2,3041, Total 10,72614, AMS: Prospective Palareti 1996inception cohortMixedAMS2,7452, Abdehafiz 2004inception cohortAFAMS Total 3,1472, Author Year Type of Patient Indi- cation Interven- tion # Patient # Pt-Yrs Major Bleed (%) Rec TE (%) UC: Retrospective Trials Gitter 1995non incept cohortMixedUC Beyth 1998inception cohortMixedUC NA Steffensen 1997inception cohortMixedUC NA Willey 2004inception cohortVTEUC2,0901, Total 3,2972, Ansell et al. Chest 2008;133:160S

Author Year Type of Patient Indi- cation Interven- tion # Patient# Pt- Yrs Major Bleed (%) Rec TE (%) UC vs AMS: Randomized Trials Matchar inception cohortAFUC190NA inception cohortAFAMS173NA (0.22,5.37) (0.31,1.59) Wilson inception cohortMixedUC inception cohortMixedAMS (0.18,21.16) (0.44,0.92) Ansell et al. Chest 2008;133:160S UC vs AMS: Retrospective Trials Cortelazzo 1993 NAMHVUC NAMHVAMS p< (0.09,0.52) 0.6 p< (0.03,0.29) Chiquette 1998 NAMixedUC NAMixedAMS p<0.5; 0.41(0.08,2.22) 3.3 p<0.05; 0.28(0.08,0.99) Witt 2005 NAMixedUC3,3221, NAMixedAMS3,3231, p=NS; 0.95(0.57,1.60) 1.2 p<0.05; 0.40(0.22,0.71)

AC Clinics in Other Countries On In TTR Test Country Pop OAC ACC 2-3 Interval x 10 6 x 10 3 Canada % England % NA NA France % Italy % Neth'lands % NA NA Spain % US % Pengo. ISAM Study

Keys to Developing an Organized Model of Anticoagulation Management Involving key players Institutional commitment Business plan Policies and procedures Education / certification of providers

Developing an ACC: Staffing 1 Panel Predicted Size INRs/Day Hrs/Day % FTE From L Oertel Dose management only

Technology Advances: Offers a new paradigm for monitoring Use of capillary whole blood 1,2 –Allows fingerstick sampling 2 –Appropriate for self-testing 1 Consistency of INR results 1 Portability 1 –Can be done anywhere Simplicity 1 –Patient can easily perform test 1. Leaning KE, Ansell JE. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 1996;3: Ansell JE. In: Ansell JE, Oertel LB, Wittkowsky AK, eds. Managing Oral Anticoagulation Therapy. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Facts and Comparisons; 2003;44:1-6.

Time in Therapeutic Range Time in Therapeutic Range PSM vs UC or ACC StudyComparators TTR Hem & TE HorstkottePSM vs UC 92 % vs 59 % 5.4% vs 14.5% 1996 (RCT) HasenkamPSM vs UC 77 % vs 53 % no AEs 1997 (RCT) SawickiPSM vs UC 57 % vs 34 % 4.4% vs 6.7% 1999 (RCT) KoertkePSM vs UC 78 % vs 61 % 2.9% vs 4.7% 2001 (RCT) Preiss PSM vs UC 74 % vs 63 % 3.3% vs 4.7% 2001 (cohort) Ansell PSM vs ACC 88 % vs 68 % no AEs 1995 (case control) WatzkePSM vs ACC 86 % vs 80 % 4% vs (RCT) CromheeckePSM vs ACC 55 % vs 49 % no AEs 2000 (cross-over) GadisseurPSM vs ACC 71 % vs 68 % NA 2003 (RCT) MenendezPSM vs ACC 59 % vs 56 % 1.6% vs 4.1% 2005 (lRCT) Mean 75% VS 54% Mean 72% VS 64%

Thromboembolism with PST or PSM Heneghan et al. Lancet 2006;367:404

Major Hemorrhage with PST and PSM Heneghan et al. Lancet 2006;367:404

Benefits of POC Benefits of POC Testing by Provider Simplifies anticoagulation management 1 Immediate and accurate INR results 2 Provider communicates results and dosage adjustments directly to patient 2 –May improve patient outcomes –Face-to-face instruction may improve quality of care Improves business and office efficiency by avoiding 2,3 –Venous draw –Proper handling of sample –Sending to central laboratory for testing 1. Hirsh J et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41: Cheung DS et al. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2003;12: Roche Diagnostics. CoaguChek System: Why Use? Available at: Accessed May 12, 2006.

Allows more frequent testing –Longer TTR may improve patient outcomes –Ability to detect INR changes may allow detection prior to clinically significant event Enhances patient involvement in own care Provides consistency of instrumentation and reagents Jacobson AK. In: Ansell JE, Oertel LB, Wittkowsky AK, eds. Managing Oral Anticoagulation Therapy. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Facts and Comparisons; 2003;45:1-6. Benefits of POC Benefits of POC Patient self testing

1. Jacobson AK. In: Ansell JE, Oertel LB, Wittkowsky AK, eds. Managing Oral Anticoagulation Therapy. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Facts and Comparisons; 2003;45: Roche Diagnostics. CoaguChek System: Why Use? Available at: information_for_professionals/why_use/content.html. Accessed May 12, Wittkowsky AK et al. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25: Barriers to PST/PSM Lack of physician awareness or acceptance 1,2 Fear it will lead to unintended self-management 3 Implementation of PST/PSM 3 Reimbursement 3

Key take home points... Oral anticoagulants are labor intensive to manage Expert dose and patient management are key factors in success Specialized programs – AMS or ACC – have been shown to provide such expert care Maintaining time in range and good patient communication are key factors for success The key elements of such programs are adaptable to small physician offices where only a few patients are managed Further improvement in outcomes can be achieved by initiating POC patient self-testing or self-mangement

A 71 year old male was started on warfarin for an embolic CVA related to atrial fibrillation. He was discharged after being switched from heparin to warfarin with an INR of 2.1 on the day of discharge. An INR 4 days later was 2.8. His next INR was ordered for 3 weeks later; he obtained the INR in the morning and went home waiting for the call. Later that day, at home, he was found comatose. The INR pending from the morning was The patient was found to have a massive intracranial hemorrhage and he subsequently died. Even without knowing more information about this case, what went wrong? There are at least 2 management deficits, both of which could have been avoided. How could this patient have been managed better...

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