London Convention Guidelines for Assessment of Dredged Material PIANC-Dredged Material Management Guidance Documents Robert.m.engler@erdc.usace.army.mil

Specific Guidelines for Assessment of Dredged Material Introduction Dredging is essential to maintain navigation in ports, harbours, marinas and inland waterways; for the development of port facilities; for flooding mitigation; and for removal of sediments from structures, basins and water intakes. Dredged material worldwide is, by nature, similar to undisturbed sediments in inland and coastal waters. A smaller proportion of dredged material, however, is contaminated by human activity.

Evaluation of Need for Dredging and Disposal CAPITAL DREDGING - for navigation, to enlarge or deepen existing channel and port areas or to create new ones MAINTENANCE DREDGING - to ensure that channels, berths or construction works, etc., are maintained at their designed dimensions; and CLEAN UP DREDGING - deliberate removal of contaminated material for human health and environmental protection purposes.

The schematic provides a clear indication of the stages in the application of this guidance where important decisions should be made. Components are: 1. Dredged material characterization 2. Waste prevention audit and evaluation of disposal options 3. Is material acceptable 4. Identify and characterize dump-site 5. Determine potential impacts and prepare impact hypothesis(es) 6. Issue permit 7. Implement project and monitor compliance 8. Field monitoring and assessment (monitoring)

Dredged Material Assessment Framework SOURCE CONTROL OTHER NO YES CAN MATERIAL ACCEPTABLE? BE MADE NO NO Representation of the Jurisdictional Boundary of the Convention Dredged Material Assessment Framework NO YES YES IMPLEMENT PROJECT & MONITOR COMPLIANCE NEED FOR DREDGING DREDGED MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION IDENTIFY AND CHARACTERIZE DISPOSAL SITE IS MATERIAL ACCEPTABLE? DETERMINE POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND PREPARE IMPACT HYPOTHES(I/E)S BENEFICIAL USE POSSIBLE? ISSUE PERMIT? FIELD MONITORING & ASSESSMENT YES BENEFICIAL USE

NEED FOR DREDGING DREDGED MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION SOURCE CONTROL

CAN MATERIAL IS MATERIAL OTHER BENEFICIAL USE BE MADE ACCEPTABLE? NO NO OTHER YES YES YES BENEFICIAL USE POSSIBLE? BENEFICIAL USE NO

IDENTIFY AND CHARACTERIZE DISPOSAL SITE NO IDENTIFY AND CHARACTERIZE DISPOSAL SITE DETERMINE POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND PREPARE IMPACT HYPOTHES(UE)S

ISSUE PERMIT? NO YES

IMPLEMENT PROJECT & MONITOR COMPLIANCE YES IMPLEMENT PROJECT & MONITOR COMPLIANCE FIELD MONITORING & ASSESSMENT

Waste Prevention Audit For dredged material, the goal of waste management should be to identify and control the sources of contamination. SOURCE CONTROL STRATEGY 1. The continuing need for dredging; 2. The hazards posed by contaminants and the relative contributions of the individual sources to these hazards; 3. Existing source control programmes and other regulations or legal requirements; 4. Technical and economic feasibility; 5. The evaluation of the effectiveness of measures taken; and 6. Consequences of not implementing contaminant reduction.

Management Options Reduce or control impacts to a level that will not constitute unacceptable risks Treatment Disposal management techniques Methods of containing dredged material in a stable manner The practical availability of other means of disposal should be considered in the light of a comparative risk assessment involving both dumping and the alternatives

Dredged Material Characterization Physical characterization The basic physical characteristics required are the amount of material Exemptions from detailed characterization Dredged material is excavated from a site away from existing and historical sources of appreciable pollution, so as to provide reasonable assurance that the dredged material has not been contaminated, or dredged material is composed predominantly of sand, gravel and/or rock, or dredged material is composed of previously undisturbed geological materials.

Chemical Characterization Available information Geochemical characteristic Contaminant routes /sources

Biological Characterization Biological tests should incorporate: Acute toxicity Chronic toxicity and sub-lethal effects The potential for bioaccumulation The potential for tainting at and in the vicinity of the disposal site.

Action List Chemical and/or biological screening resulting in: - Wastes containing specified substances, or causing biological responses, exceeding the relevant upper level shall not be dumped, unless made acceptable. - Wastes which contain specified substances, or which cause biological responses, below the relevant lower levels should be considered to be of little environmental concern. - Wastes, which contain specified substances, or which cause biological responses, below the upper level but above the lower level require more detailed assessment before their suitability for dumping can be determined.

Dump-Site Selection Site Selection Considerations: Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the water-column and the seabed Location of amenities, values and other uses of the sea in the area under consideration Assessment of the constituent fluxes associated with dumping in relation to existing fluxes of substances in the marine environment Economic and operational feasibility

Important Amenities, Biological Features and Uses of the Sea The shoreline and bathing beaches Areas of beauty or significant cultural or historical importance Areas of special scientific or biological importance, such as sanctuaries Fishing areas Spawning, nursery and recruitment areas Migration routes Seasonal and critical habitats Shipping lanes Military exclusion zones Engineering uses of the seafloor

Site Selection Consideration Size of the dump-site Site capacity Evaluation of potential impacts Contaminant mobility

Assessment of Potential Effects Impact hypothesis Integrate waste characteristics / site information Comprehensive assessment Emphasis on biological effects / habitat modification Cumulative impacts

Monitoring Compliance monitoring, Field monitoring Modify or terminate the field-monitoring programme Modify or revoke the permit Redefine or close the dump-site Modify the assessment basis

Permit and Permit Conditions The types, amounts and sources of materials to be dumped The location of the dump-site(s) The method of dumping Monitoring and reporting requirements

International Navigation Association PIANC Dredged Material Management Guide (Supplement to Bulletin no. 96, 1987 Assessment framework (LC) Material characterization Sustainable relocation

Contamination source control Management strategy Management options Contamination source control Management strategy Relevant background literature

Disposal Land-based confined disposal - Contaminant release mechanisms Aquatic (LC guides) Land-based confined disposal - Contaminant release mechanisms - Processes - Pathways - Isolation - Surplus water treatment

Confined Disposal Site Management Implementation guidelines Monitoring (physical and environmental) Evaluation Optimization

Treatment Pretreatment Biological Chemical Thermal Immobilization

Impact Assessment Long- or short-term Direct or indirect Beneficial or adverse Long- or short-term Direct or indirect Reversible or irreversible Local or strategic Independent or cumulative

Monitoring Port operational monitoring Specification of baseline conditions Port operational monitoring

International Navigation Disposal of Dredged Material Association PIANC Management of Aquatic Disposal of Dredged Material (Working Group 1 - 1998)

Outline 2. Management framework 1. Introduction 2. Management framework 3. Dredged material and site characterization Survey and sampling methods Dredged material characterization - Physical - Chemical - Ecotoxicological - Biological

Outline (cont.) Characterization of disposal site - Physical - Chemical - Biological - Functional uses of receiving area

Outline (cont.) Effects of disposal - Physical processes - Physical effects on ecology - Chemical and ecotoxicological - Functional uses / amenities

Outline (cont.) International, regional and National environmental controls - General approaches - Marine and estuarine disposal - Inland waterways disposal

Planning and engineering for aquatic disposal - Regulatory decision framework - Technical decision framework - Project decision framework

Operational aspects of aquatic disposal - Operations plan - Monitoring requirements

- Description of physical properties of dredged material References Annexes - Description of physical properties of dredged material - Metals in sediments - List of international agreements, protocols and guidelines - Beneficial uses of dredged material in the aquatic environment - Mitigation measures - Consideration in design of monitoring plans

Managing Contaminated Dredged Material Defining CDM Risks Chemical characteristics and sources

Identifying, Assessing, and Selecting Options Planning CDM projects State-of-the-art technologies PIANC technical position Documenting results with case studies

The Environmental Facts Where to Find What You Need to Know Dredging: The Environmental Facts Where to Find What You Need to Know Dredging a vital process Dredging for sustainable development Dredging must be safe and sound

Sources of Information CEDA IADC WODA PIANC IAPH WEDA EDA

CEDA IAPH WEDA EDA