Qi Li, UCD Geary Institute Kasper Richter, World Bank Patrick Paul Walsh, UCD Geary Institute Fertility, Ageing and Socio-Economic Conditions in Thailand

How do Thai Firms Perceive the Investment Climate? Thai firms identify several categories of concerns: Dissatisfaction with overall economic situation (macroeconomic instability, economic policy uncertainty, insufficient demand for products, competition from imports) Inadequate supply of skills (skills and education of available workers, skilled labor shortage) Concerns with regulations and bureaucratic burden (tax administration and tax rates, bureaucratic burden, labor regulations, import regulations) Infrastructure and support services (electricity, utility prices, lack of business support services, lack of finance, inadequate supply of infrastructure)

Age Structure by Urban and Rural in Year 1991, 1995 and 2000 Rural Urban

Ageing Index by Area

Fertility by Season and Urban and Rural during 1991 – 2000

One year Inward Migration by Region and Age Cohort during 1991 – 2000 Age 10 –20 Age 20 – Age 50 – * 1: Urban Areas; 2: Rural Areas

Under Three Years Inward Migration by Region and Age Cohort during 1991 – 2000 Age 10 –20 Age 20 – Age 50 – * 1: Urban Areas; 2: Rural Areas

Waged and Unwaged Income Level in Thailand during 1991 – 2000

Waged and Unwaged Income Level By Urban and Rural during 1991 – 2000 Waged Unwaged

Waged and Unwaged Employment Share By Urban and Rural during 1991 – 2000 By Year

Waged and Unwaged Income Level By Urban and Rural during 1991 – 2000 * The initial levels are normalized to unit.

Childbearing Women Participation Rate By Urban and Rural Areas

Waged and Unwaged Employment Share of Childbearing Women By Urban and Rural during 1991 – 2000

Economic Effects on Age Structure Change through Fertility Rate Fertility Urban Rural Short Immigration 3.130* Rural > Urban Long Immigration * Rural > Urban Short Immigration * Urban > Rural Long Immigration 1.777* Urban > Rural Waged income Young/Old12.841*2.728* Unwaged income Young/Old-5.582*0.321 Waged Income (Childbearing)-1.384*-0.621* Unwaged Income (Childbearing)1.249* Pension-1.561*1.296* Childbearing Women *-0.148* Employment Structure Waged/Unwaged Public Sector-3.025*0.241 Farm * Bangkok * North *0.226 Northeast * South *

Economic Effects on Age Structure through Mortality Rate (Urban) The corresponding economic variables at cohort level have been controlled, such as Waged income, Unwaged income, Pension and Education at cohort level. And we also control some cohort structure variables, such as gender structure of cohorts.

Economic Effects on Age Structure through Mortality Rate (Rural) The corresponding economic variables at cohort level have been controlled, such as Waged income, Unwaged income, Pension and Education at cohort level. And we also control some cohort structure variables, such as gender structure of cohorts.

(Sen) Economic and Human Development

Economic Effects on Age Structure Change through Inward Migration Rate Age Cohort Relative Waged Income *0.546*0.585*0.544* * Relative Unwaged Income 0.051* *0.080* Relative Pension *-0.086*0.294*0.054*-0.346* Participation Rate 1.667*-0.428* *-1.999* Education 0.064* *-0.111* Overtime *-0.091*-0.154*-0.300*0.142* Public *1.021*-1.432*0.825* Private 0.480*-0.353* *0.887* business-0.092*0.111* *-0.487*0.209 farm-0.043*0.039* * * Bangkok 0.361*-0.294*-0.581*-0.643*-0.837*0.625* North * * Northeast * *-0.327*-0.961* South * * Urban * *1.609*