Violence and Extremism LynnDavies Centre for International Education & Research

Educating Against Extremism Trentham, 2008 Nature of extremism Nature of extremism Identity, joining and leaving Identity, joining and leaving Segregation, faith schools Segregation, faith schools Justice, revenge and honour Justice, revenge and honour Free speech, offence and humour Free speech, offence and humour Towards critical idealism Towards critical idealism

Background of extremists Can be highly educated Can be highly educated Preference for absolutism, singular truths, polar differences Preference for absolutism, singular truths, polar differences Sense of mission and unique place in this Sense of mission and unique place in this Religious/political justification Religious/political justification Drawn into a ‘brotherhood’ Drawn into a ‘brotherhood’ Terrorists are altruists, not criminals Terrorists are altruists, not criminals

Educational alternatives Comfort with ambiguity and provisionality Comfort with ambiguity and provisionality Acceptance that political and religious leaders may have got it wrong Acceptance that political and religious leaders may have got it wrong But not a relativist stance But not a relativist stance Need for a value system Need for a value system But a value system which can be critiqued But a value system which can be critiqued

Issues relating to faith schools Locking in of cultural identity Locking in of cultural identity Promotion of belief system as superior Promotion of belief system as superior Disposition to favour others with same devotional orientation Disposition to favour others with same devotional orientation Exclusionary beliefs very powerful, especially for the young Exclusionary beliefs very powerful, especially for the young Therefore a need for critical reflection on doctrinal errors (e.g. defence of slavery) Therefore a need for critical reflection on doctrinal errors (e.g. defence of slavery)

Tolerance Tolerance is a negative value (we only tolerate things we don’t like or believe in) Tolerance is a negative value (we only tolerate things we don’t like or believe in) If we are less judgemental, do we slip into moral indifference? If we are less judgemental, do we slip into moral indifference? Distinction between beliefs and actions in terms of tolerance Distinction between beliefs and actions in terms of tolerance Therefore we need a means to know what to disrespect Therefore we need a means to know what to disrespect

The myth of equal value Modern multifaith education tries to teach that all faiths are equal and not in competition Modern multifaith education tries to teach that all faiths are equal and not in competition But this is hypocritical and untrue But this is hypocritical and untrue Unlike cultural identities, religious identities are exclusive, not able to be overlaid or have parts exchanged Unlike cultural identities, religious identities are exclusive, not able to be overlaid or have parts exchanged To present the view that religions are in harmony is to presuppose that they are all good To present the view that religions are in harmony is to presuppose that they are all good So R.E. should look at claims to ‘truth’, past wrongs in the name of religion, and also religion alongside other ideological systems So R.E. should look at claims to ‘truth’, past wrongs in the name of religion, and also religion alongside other ideological systems

Is education meaningless without a religious dimension? View that religion has a concept of human dignity and worth that exceeds any secular account (in spite of UDHR) View that religion has a concept of human dignity and worth that exceeds any secular account (in spite of UDHR) Radical Islam teaches that there is no such thing as morality in Islam – simply what Allah taught. Radical Islam teaches that there is no such thing as morality in Islam – simply what Allah taught. View that secularism is a moral ‘vacuum’ View that secularism is a moral ‘vacuum’ Contemporary curriculum (such as sex education) seen as immoral and devoid of responsibility Contemporary curriculum (such as sex education) seen as immoral and devoid of responsibility

Citizenship education dilemmas ‘Citizenship education is both the promotion of (assumed) common values (freedom, responsibility, honesty), irrespective of class, sex, gender, ethnicity, cultural and religion and, at the same time, is about encouraging young people acquire the skills to question and evaluate values’ (Watson 2004) ‘Citizenship education is both the promotion of (assumed) common values (freedom, responsibility, honesty), irrespective of class, sex, gender, ethnicity, cultural and religion and, at the same time, is about encouraging young people acquire the skills to question and evaluate values’ (Watson 2004)

Nationalistic values? Teaching national curriculum and culture can (as in Occupied Palestine) provide confidence Teaching national curriculum and culture can (as in Occupied Palestine) provide confidence But promoting ‘Britishness’ is actually more divisive than cohesive: what is distinctive about ‘British’ values? But promoting ‘Britishness’ is actually more divisive than cohesive: what is distinctive about ‘British’ values? Patriotism can promote ‘civic illiteracy’ and uncritical support for government Patriotism can promote ‘civic illiteracy’ and uncritical support for government

Rights: cutting out the middle man Conventions accepted by (nearly) all countries of the world Conventions accepted by (nearly) all countries of the world Provides independent criteria for assessing other value systems and actions Provides independent criteria for assessing other value systems and actions Because of the continual juxtaposition of rights and responsibilities, it circumvents the problem of ‘tolerance’ Because of the continual juxtaposition of rights and responsibilities, it circumvents the problem of ‘tolerance’ Rights is not a belief system, it is an ethical system: can be ‘spiritual’ Rights is not a belief system, it is an ethical system: can be ‘spiritual’

Rights Respecting Schools (UNICEF) Developed in Nova Scotia and UK Developed in Nova Scotia and UK Premised on UN Convention on the Rights of the Child as basis for all school life Premised on UN Convention on the Rights of the Child as basis for all school life All children, teachers, parents and ancillary staff learn about the convention All children, teachers, parents and ancillary staff learn about the convention Teaching/learning methods and relationships match this Teaching/learning methods and relationships match this Active participation in decision-making Active participation in decision-making Emphasis on working for change Emphasis on working for change

Why does it work? It appeals to children’s self-interest It appeals to children’s self-interest I t connects them to children everywhere I t connects them to children everywhere It derives from a higher authority (all but 2 of the world’s nations) and is not simply the school’s rules / mission statement) It derives from a higher authority (all but 2 of the world’s nations) and is not simply the school’s rules / mission statement) It links to what enables people to learn It links to what enables people to learn Does not give permanent behavioural identities Does not give permanent behavioural identities

Why does it work? (2) Use of UNCRC avoids moral or cultural relativism; knowing what is a right and what isn’t Use of UNCRC avoids moral or cultural relativism; knowing what is a right and what isn’t Realisation of conflicting rights promotes higher order thinking and reasoning skills Realisation of conflicting rights promotes higher order thinking and reasoning skills Changes teacher behaviour Changes teacher behaviour Research shows adolescents in RRSs have higher self-esteem, greater participation Research shows adolescents in RRSs have higher self-esteem, greater participation Contagion effect: learning about own rights results in support for rights of others Contagion effect: learning about own rights results in support for rights of others

Rights and culture Need to learn ‘about cultures’ or ‘diversity’ as it affects rights, not as stereotypical properties Need to learn ‘about cultures’ or ‘diversity’ as it affects rights, not as stereotypical properties a) when rights of a group are infringed a) when rights of a group are infringed b) when the rights of others are infringed in the name of a culture or religion b) when the rights of others are infringed in the name of a culture or religion

Critical idealism Answer to extremism is not ‘moderation’, but a highly critical and informed idealism. This needs 5 types of criticality in education : 1. political education including conflict studies, comparative religion, non-nationalistic citizenship education - critical scholarship 2. Understanding of rights and responsibilities -critical (dis)respect

Critical idealism (2) 3. Skills to weigh up alternative ideals and means to pursue them – critical thinking 4. The acceptance that ideals should be provisional – critical doubt 5. The acceptance that ideals and their holders may be mocked – critical lightness

Café joke after unsuccessful attack on Saddam Hussain… Following the attack, the Iraqi Information Minister has summoned all Saddam’s body doubles to a meeting to tell them: ‘The good news is that our beloved leader has survived, so you all still have jobs. The bad news is that he has lost an arm’.